Chemical Basis of Life

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

element

simplest form of matter

atom

smallest particle of an element; congains subatomic particles

molecule

2 or more atoms chemically combine

compound

2 or more different types of atoms combine

inorganic

blank compounds do not contain carbon

oxygen

small, nonpolar inorganic molecule

carbon dioxide

molecule composed of one carbon atom bound to two oxygen atoms

water

a polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms bound to an oxygen atom by polar covalent bonds

monosaccharides

building blocks of carbohydrates

provide energy

carbohydrates are broken down to…

bulk (fiber) in feces

undigested carbohydrates provide…

glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, grains, veggies, glycogen

examples of carbohydrates

glycogen

main storage form of glucose in humans; quickly broken down to make ATP

provide long term energy; insulates against heat loss; protective cushion for organs

major functions of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

building blocks of lipids

fats, oils, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids

examples of lipids

helps keep it flexible and helps lipids move

cholesterol does what for the cell membrane?

saturated lipids

single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

beef, pork, whole milk, cheese, eggs

examples of saturated lipids

olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil

examples of unsaturated lipids

unsaturated lipids

one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms

phospholipid

important lipid found in plasma cell membranes

polar and hydrophillic

head of phospholipids is blank and blank

nitrogen and phosphorous

head of phospholipids is composed of blank and blank

nonpolar and hydrophobic

tail of phospholipids is blank and blank

oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen

tail of phospholipids is composed of blank and blank

protein

in hair, skin, nails, and muscles

amino acids

building blocks of proteins is blank

enzymes

organic catalysts that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed without the enzyme being permanently changed

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

nucleotides

building blocks of nucleic acids is blank

a nitrogen base, phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar

nucleotides are composed of

cytosine, guanine, thymine,uracil, and adenine

five nitrogenous bases that make up DNA & RNA

ATP

used to create energy in all living organisms

adenosine and three phosphate groups

ATP consists of blank and blank

enzymes will stop working

when we have too little water, what happens?

stabilizes body temperature, protects the body, and is required for many chemical reactions

how does water contribute to physiological functions?

stabilizes breathing rhythm, chemical trigger required to release oxygen

how does CO2 contribute to physiological functions?

essential to create ATP, protects cells from chemical poisoning, stabilizes metabolism

how does O2 contribute to physiological functions?

make skin ,hair, nails, and muscles; part of hemoglobin molecule; act as enzymes

major function of proteins

store, transmit, and express genetic information

major function of nucleic acids