AP Biology Chapters 9+10 Test Review

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34 Terms

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Photorespiration

The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (in stead of fixing carbon dioxide) during photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic output since no ATP is produced and carbon (as well as nitrogen in the form of ammonia) is lost inevitably

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Oxidized

The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.

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Reduced

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.

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Chemiosmosis

The process by which the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, typically the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration, is coupled with the synthesis of ATP.

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What colors does chlorophyll absorb

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light

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What colors does chlorophyll reflect

Chlorophyll reflects green light

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Purpose of Photosystem II

Photosystem II captures light energy and initiates the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.

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Purpose of Photosystem I

Photosystem I takes in new electrons to re-excite the tired electrons.

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Light reaction inputs

Sunlight, 12 H20, 18 ADP, and 12 NADP+

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Calvin cycle inputs

18 ATP, 12 NADPH, 6CO2

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Light reaction outputs

6 02, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH

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Calvin cycle outputs

18 ADP, 12 NADP+, 2 G3P AKA glucose, 6 H2O

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Calvin cycle location

Stroma of the chloroplast

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How many turns of Calvin cycle to create 1 G3P

3 turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce 1 G3P

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C4 Plant differences

BUNDLE SHEATHS! Use a modified pathway for carbon fixation to minimize water loss and increase efficiency in hot and dry conditions

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CAM Plant differences

CAM plants open stomata at night to minimize water loss and fix carbon dioxide, storing it as organic acids to use during the day

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What are bundle sheaths

Bundle sheaths are protective layers of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in the leaves of C4 plants

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Factors that affect photosynthesis

Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and water availability

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Importance of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is crucial for producing oxygen, providing energy in the form of glucose, and sustaining life on Earth

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What type of transport is used to get the 2 pyruvates to the Krebs cycle

Active transport

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Glycolysis inputs

Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 2 NADH+

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Glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvates, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

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Krebs cycle inputs

Pyruvic Acids, Coenzyme A, 4 NAD+, 1 ADP, 1 FAD.
(Double the list for each glucose molecule)

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Krebs cycle outputs

3CO2, Acetyl CoA, 4 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2.
(Double this list for each glucose molecule)

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Electron transport chain inputs

O2, ADP, NADH or FADH2

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Electron transport chain outputs

NAD+ and FAD, ATP, H20

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Glycolysis location

Cytoplasm

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Krebs cycle location

Mitochondrial matrix

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Electron transport chain location

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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Lactic acid vs alcoholic fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells, producing lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.

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What are the two parts of the Krebs Cycle?

The reduction of pyruvates and the citric acid cycle

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3 parts of light independent reaction

fixation, reduction, and regeneration

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Where light-dependent reaction occur

in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts