AP Biology Chapters 9+10 Test Review

Photorespiration

The process by which in the presence of light plant consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide (in stead of fixing carbon dioxide) during photosynthesis, resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic output since no ATP is produced and carbon (as well as nitrogen in the form of ammonia) is lost inevitably

Oxidized

The loss of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.

Reduced

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion during a chemical reaction.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, typically the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration, is coupled with the synthesis of ATP.

What colors does chlorophyll absorb

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light

What colors does chlorophyll reflect

Chlorophyll reflects green light

Purpose of Photosystem II

Photosystem II captures light energy and initiates the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.

Purpose of Photosystem I

Photosystem I takes in new electrons to re-excite the tired electrons.

Light reaction inputs

Sunlight, 12 H20, 18 ADP, and 12 NADP+

Calvin cycle inputs

18 ATP, 12 NADPH, 6CO2

Light reaction outputs

6 02, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH

Calvin cycle outputs

18 ADP, 12 NADP+, 2 G3P AKA glucose, 6 H2O

Calvin cycle location

Stroma of the chloroplast

How many turns of Calvin cycle to create 1 G3P

3 turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce 1 G3P

C4 Plant differences

BUNDLE SHEATHS! Use a modified pathway for carbon fixation to minimize water loss and increase efficiency in hot and dry conditions

CAM Plant differences

CAM plants open stomata at night to minimize water loss and fix carbon dioxide, storing it as organic acids to use during the day

What are bundle sheaths

Bundle sheaths are protective layers of cells surrounding the vascular bundles in the leaves of C4 plants

Factors that affect photosynthesis

Light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and water availability

Importance of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is crucial for producing oxygen, providing energy in the form of glucose, and sustaining life on Earth

What type of transport is used to get the 2 pyruvates to the Krebs cycle

Active transport

Glycolysis inputs

Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, and 2 NADH+

Glycolysis outputs

2 pyruvates, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Krebs cycle inputs

Pyruvic Acids, Coenzyme A, 4 NAD+, 1 ADP, 1 FAD.
(Double the list for each glucose molecule)

Krebs cycle outputs

3CO2, Acetyl CoA, 4 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2.
(Double this list for each glucose molecule)

Electron transport chain inputs

O2, ADP, NADH or FADH2

Electron transport chain outputs

NAD+ and FAD, ATP, H20

Glycolysis location

Cytoplasm

Krebs cycle location

Mitochondrial matrix

Electron transport chain location

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Lactic acid vs alcoholic fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells, producing lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.

What are the two parts of the Krebs Cycle?

The reduction of pyruvates and the citric acid cycle

3 parts of light independent reaction

fixation, reduction, and regeneration

Where light-dependent reaction occur

in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts