Autonomic Nervous System & Somatic Nervous System
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147 Terms
What does the autonomic motor pathway consist of?
Two autonomic motor neurons (preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron)
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What is the preganglionic neuron?
A neuron with its cell body in the central nervous system with an axon that extends to an autonomic ganglion
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What is a postganglionic neuron?
Unmyelinated axon extending from the ganglion to the effector
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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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What is the sympathetic system also known as?
Fight or flight division and the thoracolumbar division
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What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
1. Increased heart rate
2. Increased blood pressure
3. Airway dilation
4. Pupil dilation
5. Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle
6. Release of glucose via the liver
7. Decrease in digestive secretions
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What is the importance of the adrenal gland in the sympathetic nervous system?
The adrenal gland, specifically the adrenal medulla, has special chromaffin cells that release norepinephrine and epinephrine
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T/F: Norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter and hormone.
True; it acts as both a neurotransmitter and hormone
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What are the special cells in the adrenal medulla that secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine?
Chromaffin cells
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system also referred to?
The craniosacral division and rest and digest division
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What are the cranial nerves involved in the paraysmpathetic nervous system?
Oculomotor CN III, Facial CN VII, Glossopharyngeal CN IX, and Vagus CN X
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What are the effects of the craniosacral division?
1. Pupil contraction
2. Decreased or slowed heart rate
3. Increased digestion
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T/F: The heart rate slows as an effect of the parasympathetic nervous system, but it does not when digesting food.
True; it does slow down
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What is always released by the preganglionic neuron?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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What type of receptors does the ganglionic neuron, cell body, and dendrites contain?
They always have nicotinic receptors for ACh
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What does the postganglionic neuron release in the parasympathetic pathway?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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What receptors are on the target cell in a parasympathetic pathway?
Muscarinic receptors
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What does the postganglionic cell release in a sympathetic pathway?
Norepinephrine (NE)
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What type of receptors receive norepineprhine?
Adrenergic receptors
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What does a preganglionic cell release directly onto the adrenal medulla cell?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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What are cholinergic fibers?
Fibers that released the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
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Where are cholinergic fibers found?
All autonomic nervous system (ANS) preganglionic axons/neurons and all parasympathetic postganglionnic axons
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What are adrenergic fibers?
Fibers that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE)
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Where are adrenergic fibers found?
Most sympathetic postganglionic axons
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Adrenergic fibers releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) at most sympathetic postganglionic axons except in what case?
At sympathetic postganglionic fibers because they secrete ACh at sweat glands
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What type of sense is smell?
Chemical
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How many olfaction receptors does the human nose contain?
10-100 million
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Where are the olfaction receptors located in the body?
Olfactory epithelium of the superior part of the nasal cavity
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What does the olfactory epithelium cover and where?
The inferior surface of the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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Where does the olfactory epithelium extend?
Along the superior nasal concha
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Where are the receptors that send impulses along branches of Olfactory CN I are located in the body?
Nasal mucosa
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What foramen does the Olfactory CN I pass through?
Olfactory foramina of cribriform plate
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As the impulses travel along the Olfactory CN I, where does smell travel next?
They synapse with the olfactory bulb
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After the smell impulses synapse with the olfactory bulb, where do the impulses travel next?
They travel along the olfactory tract
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Where does the interpretation of smell occur in the brain?
Primary olfactory area located in the cerebral cortex of temporal lobe
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What type of sense is taste?
Chemical
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What are the 5 primary tastses?
Sour, sweet, bitter, umami, and salt
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What structure in the tongue contains taste receptors?
The taste buds
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Approximately how many taste buds are found on the tongue of a young adult?
10,000 taste buds
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Where are the taste buds found on the tongue of a young adult?
Soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
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Where are taste buds located in elevations on the tongue?
The papillae
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Which of the following papillae do not contain taste buds?
Filiform papillae
What is the function of filiform papillae?
Detect texture and temperature
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What substance(s) and receptor is the primary taste of salt detected through?
Na+ (sodium) is detected through an ion channel
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What substance(s) and receptor is the primary taste of sour detected through?
H+ (hydrogen) is detected through an ion channel
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What substance(s) and receptor is the primary taste of sweet detected through?
Sugars or amino acids bind to membrane receptors
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What substance(s) and receptor is the primary taste of bitter detected through?
Quinine binds to membrane receptors
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The primary tastes of salty and sour both go through what?
Localized depolarization, which opens Ca2+ (calcium) channels
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After the initial substances for the primary tastes of sweet, bitter, and umami are detected, what helps the impulse of these tastes travel to a second messenger?
G-proteins
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After the primary tastes of sweet and umami are moved by G-proteins, what happens next in the pathway of these primary tastes?
A second messenger closes K+ channels
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After the primary taste of bitter is moved by G-proteins, what happens next in the pathway of these primary tastes?
A second messenger triggers the release of Ca2+ (calcium) from the endoplasmic reticulum
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Which of the following cranial nerves do not detect taste?
Hypoglossal CN XII
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After taste travels down the Vagus CN X, Glossopharyngeal CN IX, and Facial CN VII, what structure does it go to?
Medulla oblongata
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Where does taste travel after synapsing in the medulla oblongata?
The thalamus
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Where does taste travel after synapsing in the thalamus?
The parietal lobe
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What are the accessory structures of the eye?
Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles
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What is the conjunctiva?
The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye
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What three cranial nerves innervate the eye?
Oculomotor CN III, Trochlear CN IV, and Abducens CN VI
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What does the Oculomotor CN III innervate?
The superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique
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What does the Trochlear CN IV innervate?
The superior oblique
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What does the Abducens CN VI innervate?
The lateral rectus
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What is the iris and what is its function?
The colored portion of the eyeball that the amount of light that enters by covering or exposing the pupil
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What type of reflexes does the iris use to to control the size of the pupil?
Autonomic reflexes
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The point at which the optic nerve exists the eye is called?
The optic disc or blind spot
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The exact center of the retina is called?
The macula lutea
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The center of the macula lutea is called the?
Fovea centralis
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What structure of the eye has the highest visual acuity?
The fovea centralis
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The sensors in the retina are called?
Photoreceptors
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The photoreceptors in the retina are also known as?
Rods and cones
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What is the function of rods?
Vision in dim light
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What is the function of cones?
Color vision
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What is the ciliary body?
A thick extension of the choroid that forms a muscular ring around the lens
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What is the ciliary body composed of?
Smooth muscle
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What is the function of the ciliary body?
Supports the iris to help focus the lens
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What does the ciliary body secrete?
Aqueous humor
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What is aqueous humor and what parts of the eye does it fill?
It is a clear, watery liquid secreted by ciliary bodies to provide nourishment to the lens and cornea and fills the anterior and posterior chambers of anterior cavity
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Where does aqueous humor drain into?
It drains into the scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm) back into the blood
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Inadequate drainage of aqueous humor leads to?
Glaucoma, or damage to the Optic CN II
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What is vitreous humor and where is it located?
Transparent, gelatinous substance that helps maintain the shape of the eyeball and keeps the retina attached to choroid and is located in the vitreous chamber
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What does light initially enter in the eye?
The cornea
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After light travels through the cornea, where does it travel next?
The anterior chamber
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Where does light travel after passing through the anterior chamber?
The pupil
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After light pass the pupil, where does light travel next?
The posterior chamber
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Once light pass the posterior chamber, where does light travel next?
The lens
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Where does light pass through next after traveling past the lens?
The retina
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Once light pass through the retina, where does light pass?
The rods and cones, or photoreceptors of the eye
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After light stimulates the rods and cones, where does light travel next?
The bipolar cells
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After the biopolar cells are activated, where does light pass through next?
The ganglion cells
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Once the ganglion cells are activated, where does light travel?
The ganglion cells converge like a rope and form the Optic CN II
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The light signals directed onto the Optic CN II then travel to what structure?
The optic chiasm
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After the neural signals of vision pass the optic chiasm, where do they travel next?
The optic tract
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The neural signals of vision travel along the optic tract and end up at the?
Thalamus
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T/F: The transduction of sound vibrations by the ear's sensory receptors into electrical signals is 1000 times faster than the response to light by the eye's photoreceptors.
True; it is faster
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Other than the ear's sensory receptors, what other receptors does the ear contain?
Receptors for equilibrium
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What are the three division of the ear?
The external ear, middle ear, and internal ear
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What structures does the external (outer) ear contain?
The auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
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What does the auricle capture?
Sound
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What structure transmits sound to the eardrum?
The external acoustic meatus
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What type of gland secretes ear wax?
Ceruminous glands
What is the function of earwax?
To protect the canal and eardrum
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