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how does piaget define intelligence?
basic life function that helps us adapt to environment
what is “cognitive equilibrium”?
balance between out thought processes and the environment
its the goal of intellectual activity
according to piaget how is cognitive growth stimulated?
by cognitive disequilibrium → mismatches in mental schemes
what does organization mean in PIagets theory?
combining existing schemes into more complex ones to better adapt knowledge base to the environment
what are the two component of adapatation/ gaining new knowledge?
assimilation and adaptation
what is assimilation?
making novel stimuli fit into the aöready existing schemes
what is accomodation?
modifying already existing schemes so it can accomodat for the new stimulus/experience
what are the four stages of cognitive development according to piaget?
sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
preoperational stage (2-7)
concrete operational stage (7-11)
formal operational stage (11 onwards)
what are the six substages of the sensorimotor stage?
reflex activity (0-1month)
primary circulatory reactions (1-4 months)
secondary circulatory reactions (4-8 months)
coordination of secondary circulatory reactions (8-12 months)
tertiary circular reacti(12-18 months)
symbolic problem solving (18-24 months)
what is deferred imitation and when is it developed?
imitating an absent models behaviour
develops in the sensorimotor stage , after 18-24 months
when does object permanence develop?
fully developed after 18-24 months
( the concept emerges already at 8-12 months though)
transition from sensorimotor to preoperational stage
what is the “A not B error”?
looking for the hidden object where you last foung it and not where you last saw it
(happens during development of object permanence)
usually at 8-12 months
how far developed is the object permanence at 12-18 months?
look for objects where they were last seen but dont understand invisible displacement yet
what is Neo-Nativism?
suggests that babies are born with some innate knowledge (eg. language)
what are theory theories?
a combination of neo-nativism and constructivism
children are born with some basic knowledge and then during development test and modify these theories
what is representational insight and when is it developed ?
understanding that something can stand for something other than itself
developed in the preoperational stage
what is dual representational insight?
understanding that something can be both an object in itself and also represent something else
what did Judy de Loache fidn out about symbolism?
at 3 years old children could use the 3D model of a a room to find a snoopy in the real room
children younger than 3 couldnt find the snoopy in the real room because they didnt have representational insight yet and didnt understand the model was a 3D room
→ 2 ½ could do it with a photo instead
→ 2 year olds couldnt even find it with the photo
what is animism?
thinking that inanimate objects are aliveand have feelings or intentions.
what is Egocentrism?
not being able to understand that people have a different perspective from yourself
what is dual encoding?
understanding that the same object can be represented in multiple ways at the same time and it still satys teh same object
which ttwo abilities do preoperational children lack that are required for conservation?
dencentration = focusing on more than one aspect/dimension at a time
reversability = mentally reverse an option
what is “identity training” ?
teaching children conservation by helping them understand that the object stays the same even if the appearance of it changes
what is the opposite of decentration?
perception-based-thought = making judgements on appearance of things and only one aspect
what are two aspects of relational logic?
mental seriation
transitivity
what is mental seriation?
ability to mentally ordering a set of stimuli along a quantifiable dimension
what is transitivity?
understanding neccessary relation between items in a serial order
hwat does the sequencing of concrete operations refer to ?
cognitive operations are formed gradually
→ easier ones are first consolidated, than reorganized and combine to form more complex operations
what is “horizontal decalage”?
uneven cognitive development of the child
what are formal operations (compared to concrete operations)?
formal operations= mental actions performed on ideas and propositions (instead of tangible objects and observations)
what are some negative aspects of the formal operational stage?
resurging egocentrism => self-consciousness
extreme fascination with ideals
“imaginary audience” => feeling observed and judged
what is hypothetico deductive reasoning?
deductive reasoning = going from general ideas to specific conclusions (top-down)
ability to think hypothetically, not needing to know all facts to think about something
what is inductive reasoning?
going from specific observations to broad generalizations
→ testing hypothesis systematically and isolating factors to come to sound conclusions
what are the four levels development occurs on according to Vygotsky?
ontogenetic = changes happening during lifetime
microgenetic = changes happening in brief periods of life
phylogenetic = change shappening throughout evolution
sociohistorical = changes in the history of a culture
what is the zone of proximal development?
range of things that are too difficult to master alone but can be learned with guidance
what is scaffolding?
tailoring support to the current situation of the child
what is shared remembering?
remembering things out of their context with guidance from parent (talking about the slide from the playground while being home)
what are “self-directed utterances”?
term used by piaget for the child talking to itself
→ piaget beliefs that this is simply a relfection of ongoing mental activity and a sign of immaturity
what is “private speech”?
term used by Vigotsky for the child talking to himself
= crucial for development and part of a self-guidance system that never truly disappears (it just gets internal speech)
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