Unit 3 "Land Based Empires" AP World History (copy)

Unit Three of AP World History Key Terms to study for the AP test

Ming Dynasty (3.1)

Theme: Government

China’s Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty. Ming rulers managed to stabilize the East Asian region for nearly 300 years.

Manchu (3.1)

Theme: Government

People from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty (3.1)

Theme: Government

ruled until 1911. During both of these dynasties, Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments but with unique aspects.

Emperor Kangxi (3.1)

Theme: Government

presided over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China. Kangxi sent forces into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, incorporating those areas into the empire.

Emperor Qianlong (3.1)

Theme: Government

a poet, who was also knowledgeable in art and calligraphy. At the beginning of his reign, the country was well administered and government tax collections were at an all-time high. Qianlong initiated military campaigns in lands west of China, which led to the annexation of Xinjiang accompanied by the mass killings of the local population. Even today, parts of Xinjiang remain troubled

Gutenberg Printing Press (3.1)

Theme: Technology

followed by an increase in literacy

Gunpowder Empires (3.1)

Theme: Government

The term Gunpowder Empires refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories

Ottoman Empire (3.1)

Theme: Government

the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period. Founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s, the empire lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the Allies in World War I. Thus a single dynasty controlled the empire for more than 600 years.

Shah (3.1)

Theme: Government

equivalent to king or emperor

Safavid Empire (3.1)

Theme: Government

the Safavids rose to power in the 1500s due to their land-based military might and strong leadership.

Mughal Empire (3.1)

Theme: Government

The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best governed states in the world. Overseas trade flourished during the relatively peaceful period

Ghazi Ideal (3.1)

Theme: Society

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam. According to some historians, the ghazi ideal served as the model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires, and it was a model that ft Tamerlane well.

Castes (3.1)

Theme: Society

strict social groupings designated at birth.

Ivan the Fourth (3.1)

Theme: Government

called Ivan the Terrible, was crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward, first by taking control of the khanates of .azan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.

Tamerlane (3.1)

Theme: Government

a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century

Suleiman the first (3.1)

Theme: Government

The Ottoman Empire reached its peak under Suleiman I

Ismail (3.1)

Theme: Government

An early Safavid military hero named Ismail conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq. Although only 14 or 15 years old, he soon conquered all of Iran and was proclaimed shah

Shah Abbas the first (3.1)

Theme: Government

Shah Abbas I presided over the Safavid Empire at its height.

Akbar (3.1)

Theme: Government

Akbar, Babur’s grandson, achieved grand religious and political goals. The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best governed states in the world.

Divine Right Of Kings (3.2)

Theme: Government

a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God. Under this belief, a king was a political and religious authority.

Justices Of The Peace (3.2)

Theme: Government

Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling some legal matters, and to carry out the monarch’s laws.

English Bill Of Rights (3.2)

Theme: Government

assured individual civil liberties. For example, legal process was required before someone could be arrested and detained. The Bill of Rights also guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army.

Absolute (3.2)

Theme: Government

directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority

Cardinal Richelieu (3.2)

Theme: Government

moved to even greater centralization of the government and development of the system of intendants

Intendants (3.2)

Theme: Government

were royal officials, sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government.

Louis XIV (3.2)

Theme: Government

espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator. His aims were twofold, just as those of Richelieu had been: He wanted to hold absolute power and expand French borders. He combined the lawmaking and the justice system in his own person

Ivan IV (3.2)

Theme: Government

Ivan IV confiscated the lands of his boyar opponents and forced them and their families to move to Moscow, Ivan established a paramilitary force loyal to him called the oprichnina.

Romanov Dynasty (3.2)

Theme: Government

took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584.

Peter I (3.2)

Theme: Government

also known as Peter the Great, was known as the Defender of Orthodoxy, participating closely in ecclesiastical (church) affairs. However, Peter would eventually lose the support of the Russian clergy over his reforms. Later in his reign, Peter reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces

Devshirme (3.2)

Theme: Government

the Ottoman sultans used a selection system called devshirme to staff their military and their government. Through this system, Christian boys who were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government. Boys ages 8 to 20 were taken each year from conquered Christian lands in Europe.

Janissaries (3.2)

Theme: Government

The most famous group, called Janissaries, formed elite forces in the Ottoman army. Other boys were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats.

Daimyo (3.2)

Theme: Government

landholding aristocrats called daimyo left Japan in disarray

Edo (3.2)

Theme: Government

(Tokyo)

Tokugawa Leyasu (3.2)

Theme: Government

declared shogun who ruled edo

Period Of Great Peace (3.2)

Theme: Government

Tokugawa Ieyasu’s successors would continue to rule Japan into the mid-1th century, in an era known as the Period of Great Peace.

Tokugawa Shogunate (3.2)

Theme: Government

The Tokugawa shogunate set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system

Askia The Great (3.2)

Theme: Government

Under his leadership, Songhai became the largest kingdom in its day in West Africa. Askia made Islam Songhai’s official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. In addition to legitimizing his rule through promoting Islam, he also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together.

Akbar (3.2)

Theme: Government

Akbar established an efficient government and a system of fairly administered laws.

Shah Jahan (3.2)

Theme: Government

Shah Jahan Mughal India produced a number of magnificent architectural accomplishments, including the Taj Mahal

Tax Farmers (3.2)

Theme: Economy

local officials and private tax collectors distant from the central government

Tax Farming (3.2)

Theme: Economy

the Ottomans levied taxes on the peasants and used tax farming to collect it.

Tributes (3.2)

Theme: Economy

Empires, including China, also collected tributes from other states as a way to demand recognition of their power and authority.

Zamindars (3.2)

Theme: Economy

Paid government officials called zamindars were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply.

Taj Mahal (3.2)

Theme: Economy

built by Shah Jahan, the purpose was to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs. All these accomplishments showed the power of the rulers.

Versailles (3.2)

Theme: Economy

Louis XIV’s grand buildings at Versailles helped legitimize his power. The palace at Versailles, for example, could accommodate hundreds of guests. The spacious and elegant palace at Versailles became a political instrument. Louis XIV entertained the nobles there and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as fomenting rebellion in their home provinces.

Boyars (3.2)

Theme: Economy

The noble landowning class, the boyars, stood at the top of the social pyramid.

Serfdom (3.2)

Theme: Economy

Serfs were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In return, the serfs were bound to that land and had little personal freedom. Transfers of land ownership to another noble included control over the serfs on that land.

Henry VIII (3.3)

Theme: Government

asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry another woman, . Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England

Anne Boleyn (3.3)

Theme: Government

Henry VIII wanted to marry her

Charles V (3.3)

Theme: Government

the powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Philip II (3.3)

Theme: Government

Charles V’s son who he left the Holy Roman Empire to and conquered the Netherlands

Spanish Armada (3.3)

Theme: Government

Philip II failed to take over England

Peace of Augsburg (3.3)

Theme: Government

Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. As a result, churches and inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion.

Edict of Nantes (3.3)

Theme: Government

allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. The edict provided religious toleration in France for the next 8 years.

Thirty Years War (3.3)

Theme: Government

The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe culminated. initially the result of religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving European powers. Much of the destruction was caused by troops who were allowed to loot as part of their compensation. The war resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease.

Peace of Westphalia (3.3)

Theme: Government

the thirty years war culminated in the Peace of WestPhalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. After this settlement, France, Spain, and Italy were predominantly Catholic.

Indlugincies (3.3)

Theme: Culture

granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin

Simony (3.3)

Theme: Culture

the selling of church offices

Holy Synod (3.3)

Theme: Culture

composed of clergymen overseen by a secular offcial who answered to the tsar.

Counter-Reformation (3.3)

Theme: Culture

fight against the Protestant attacks. A three-pronged strategy yielded such gains for the Church that it remains the largest Christian denomination in the world

Inquisition (3.3)

Theme: Culture

established to root out and punish nonbelievers. The Inquisition sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its ends

Jesuits (3.3)

Theme: Culture

Society of Jesus, a religious order, also opposed the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent (3.3)

Theme: Culture

corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests.

Martin Luther (3.3)

Theme: Culture

A monk who concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings. As a result, Luther defiantly challenged the Church. The Church reacted harshly. Several German political leaders saw an opportunity to free themselves from the power of the pope. They sided with Luther. Soon, what had begun as a minor academic debate became a major split in the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was not a political or social revolutionary.

95 Theses (3.3)

Theme: Culture

charges the Roman catholic church committed

John Calvin (3.3)

Theme: Culture

French theologian, he authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland. Created Calvinism which is an offshoot of catholicism

Puritans (3.3)

Theme: Culture

wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.

Protestant Reformation (3.3)

Theme: Culture

the various reform efforts are known as the Protestant Reformation.

Anglican Church (3.3)

Theme: Culture

The church of England, free of the Roman Pope

Shariah (3.3)

Theme: Culture

a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance.

Sikhism (3.3)

Theme: Culture

relatively new religion, developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism. Sikhism, a monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist, became the fifth most popular religion in the world by the 21st century

Empiricism (3.3)

Theme: Culture

insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis, an early scientific method