Unit Three of AP World History Key Terms to study for the AP test
Ming Dynasty (3.1)
Theme: Government
China’s Yuan Dynasty, founded by Mongol invader was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty. Ming rulers managed to stabilize the East Asian region for nearly 300 years.
Manchu (3.1)
Theme: Government
People from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty (3.1)
Theme: Government
ruled until 1911. During both of these dynasties, Japan and Korea experienced parallel developments but with unique aspects.
Emperor Kangxi (3.1)
Theme: Government
presided over a period of stability and expansion during the Qing Dynasty in China. Kangxi sent forces into Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia, incorporating those areas into the empire.
Emperor Qianlong (3.1)
Theme: Government
a poet, who was also knowledgeable in art and calligraphy. At the beginning of his reign, the country was well administered and government tax collections were at an all-time high. Qianlong initiated military campaigns in lands west of China, which led to the annexation of Xinjiang accompanied by the mass killings of the local population. Even today, parts of Xinjiang remain troubled
Gutenberg Printing Press (3.1)
Theme: Technology
followed by an increase in literacy
Gunpowder Empires (3.1)
Theme: Government
The term Gunpowder Empires refers to large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories
Ottoman Empire (3.1)
Theme: Government
the largest and most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period. Founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s, the empire lasted until its defeat in 1918 by the Allies in World War I. Thus a single dynasty controlled the empire for more than 600 years.
Shah (3.1)
Theme: Government
equivalent to king or emperor
Safavid Empire (3.1)
Theme: Government
the Safavids rose to power in the 1500s due to their land-based military might and strong leadership.
Mughal Empire (3.1)
Theme: Government
The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best governed states in the world. Overseas trade flourished during the relatively peaceful period
Ghazi Ideal (3.1)
Theme: Society
a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam. According to some historians, the ghazi ideal served as the model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires, and it was a model that ft Tamerlane well.
Castes (3.1)
Theme: Society
strict social groupings designated at birth.
Ivan the Fourth (3.1)
Theme: Government
called Ivan the Terrible, was crowned tsar in 1547, he immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward, first by taking control of the khanates of .azan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.
Tamerlane (3.1)
Theme: Government
a Mongol-Turkic ruler of the late 14th century
Suleiman the first (3.1)
Theme: Government
The Ottoman Empire reached its peak under Suleiman I
Ismail (3.1)
Theme: Government
An early Safavid military hero named Ismail conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq. Although only 14 or 15 years old, he soon conquered all of Iran and was proclaimed shah
Shah Abbas the first (3.1)
Theme: Government
Shah Abbas I presided over the Safavid Empire at its height.
Akbar (3.1)
Theme: Government
Akbar, Babur’s grandson, achieved grand religious and political goals. The Mughal Empire under Akbar was one of the richest and best governed states in the world.
Divine Right Of Kings (3.2)
Theme: Government
a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God. Under this belief, a king was a political and religious authority.
Justices Of The Peace (3.2)
Theme: Government
Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England, even settling some legal matters, and to carry out the monarch’s laws.
English Bill Of Rights (3.2)
Theme: Government
assured individual civil liberties. For example, legal process was required before someone could be arrested and detained. The Bill of Rights also guaranteed protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring the agreement of Parliament on matters of taxation and raising an army.
Absolute (3.2)
Theme: Government
directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority
Cardinal Richelieu (3.2)
Theme: Government
moved to even greater centralization of the government and development of the system of intendants
Intendants (3.2)
Theme: Government
were royal officials, sent out to the provinces to execute the orders of the central government.
Louis XIV (3.2)
Theme: Government
espoused a theory of divine right and was a virtual dictator. His aims were twofold, just as those of Richelieu had been: He wanted to hold absolute power and expand French borders. He combined the lawmaking and the justice system in his own person
Ivan IV (3.2)
Theme: Government
Ivan IV confiscated the lands of his boyar opponents and forced them and their families to move to Moscow, Ivan established a paramilitary force loyal to him called the oprichnina.
Romanov Dynasty (3.2)
Theme: Government
took control of Russia in 1613 after a period of turmoil following Ivan’s death in 1584.
Peter I (3.2)
Theme: Government
also known as Peter the Great, was known as the Defender of Orthodoxy, participating closely in ecclesiastical (church) affairs. However, Peter would eventually lose the support of the Russian clergy over his reforms. Later in his reign, Peter reorganized the Russian government by creating provinces
Devshirme (3.2)
Theme: Government
the Ottoman sultans used a selection system called devshirme to staff their military and their government. Through this system, Christian boys who were subjects of the empire were recruited by force to serve in the Ottoman government. Boys ages 8 to 20 were taken each year from conquered Christian lands in Europe.
Janissaries (3.2)
Theme: Government
The most famous group, called Janissaries, formed elite forces in the Ottoman army. Other boys were groomed to become administrators of the newly conquered territories some were scribes, tax collectors, and even diplomats.
Daimyo (3.2)
Theme: Government
landholding aristocrats called daimyo left Japan in disarray
Edo (3.2)
Theme: Government
(Tokyo)
Tokugawa Leyasu (3.2)
Theme: Government
declared shogun who ruled edo
Period Of Great Peace (3.2)
Theme: Government
Tokugawa Ieyasu’s successors would continue to rule Japan into the mid-1th century, in an era known as the Period of Great Peace.
Tokugawa Shogunate (3.2)
Theme: Government
The Tokugawa shogunate set about reorganizing the governance of Japan in order to centralize control over what was essentially a feudal system
Askia The Great (3.2)
Theme: Government
Under his leadership, Songhai became the largest kingdom in its day in West Africa. Askia made Islam Songhai’s official religion in an attempt to unite his empire. In addition to legitimizing his rule through promoting Islam, he also supported an efficient bureaucracy to bring the empire together.
Akbar (3.2)
Theme: Government
Akbar established an efficient government and a system of fairly administered laws.
Shah Jahan (3.2)
Theme: Government
Shah Jahan Mughal India produced a number of magnificent architectural accomplishments, including the Taj Mahal
Tax Farmers (3.2)
Theme: Economy
local officials and private tax collectors distant from the central government
Tax Farming (3.2)
Theme: Economy
the Ottomans levied taxes on the peasants and used tax farming to collect it.
Tributes (3.2)
Theme: Economy
Empires, including China, also collected tributes from other states as a way to demand recognition of their power and authority.
Zamindars (3.2)
Theme: Economy
Paid government officials called zamindars were in charge of specific duties, such as taxation, construction, and the water supply.
Taj Mahal (3.2)
Theme: Economy
built by Shah Jahan, the purpose was to create magnificent, airy structures with decorative geometric designs. All these accomplishments showed the power of the rulers.
Versailles (3.2)
Theme: Economy
Louis XIV’s grand buildings at Versailles helped legitimize his power. The palace at Versailles, for example, could accommodate hundreds of guests. The spacious and elegant palace at Versailles became a political instrument. Louis XIV entertained the nobles there and kept them from conducting business elsewhere, such as fomenting rebellion in their home provinces.
Boyars (3.2)
Theme: Economy
The noble landowning class, the boyars, stood at the top of the social pyramid.
Serfdom (3.2)
Theme: Economy
Serfs were peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble. In return, the serfs were bound to that land and had little personal freedom. Transfers of land ownership to another noble included control over the serfs on that land.
Henry VIII (3.3)
Theme: Government
asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry another woman, . Henry, with the approval of the English Parliament, set himself up as head of the new Church of England
Anne Boleyn (3.3)
Theme: Government
Henry VIII wanted to marry her
Charles V (3.3)
Theme: Government
the powerful emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Philip II (3.3)
Theme: Government
Charles V’s son who he left the Holy Roman Empire to and conquered the Netherlands
Spanish Armada (3.3)
Theme: Government
Philip II failed to take over England
Peace of Augsburg (3.3)
Theme: Government
Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran. As a result, churches and inhabitants were forced to practice the state religion.
Edict of Nantes (3.3)
Theme: Government
allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith. The edict provided religious toleration in France for the next 8 years.
Thirty Years War (3.3)
Theme: Government
The final great religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants in Europe culminated. initially the result of religious conflict within the Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving European powers. Much of the destruction was caused by troops who were allowed to loot as part of their compensation. The war resulted in widespread famine, starvation, and disease.
Peace of Westphalia (3.3)
Theme: Government
the thirty years war culminated in the Peace of WestPhalia, which allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism. After this settlement, France, Spain, and Italy were predominantly Catholic.
Indlugincies (3.3)
Theme: Culture
granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin
Simony (3.3)
Theme: Culture
the selling of church offices
Holy Synod (3.3)
Theme: Culture
composed of clergymen overseen by a secular offcial who answered to the tsar.
Counter-Reformation (3.3)
Theme: Culture
fight against the Protestant attacks. A three-pronged strategy yielded such gains for the Church that it remains the largest Christian denomination in the world
Inquisition (3.3)
Theme: Culture
established to root out and punish nonbelievers. The Inquisition sometimes allowed the use of torture to achieve its ends
Jesuits (3.3)
Theme: Culture
Society of Jesus, a religious order, also opposed the spread of Protestantism.
Council of Trent (3.3)
Theme: Culture
corrected some of the worst of the Church’s abuses and concentrated on reaffirming the rituals such as marriage and other sacraments improving the education of priests.
Martin Luther (3.3)
Theme: Culture
A monk who concluded that several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings. As a result, Luther defiantly challenged the Church. The Church reacted harshly. Several German political leaders saw an opportunity to free themselves from the power of the pope. They sided with Luther. Soon, what had begun as a minor academic debate became a major split in the Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Luther was not a political or social revolutionary.
95 Theses (3.3)
Theme: Culture
charges the Roman catholic church committed
John Calvin (3.3)
Theme: Culture
French theologian, he authored The Institutes of the Christian Religion and helped reform the religious community in Geneva, Switzerland. Created Calvinism which is an offshoot of catholicism
Puritans (3.3)
Theme: Culture
wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remnants.
Protestant Reformation (3.3)
Theme: Culture
the various reform efforts are known as the Protestant Reformation.
Anglican Church (3.3)
Theme: Culture
The church of England, free of the Roman Pope
Shariah (3.3)
Theme: Culture
a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and issues of inheritance.
Sikhism (3.3)
Theme: Culture
relatively new religion, developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism. Sikhism, a monotheistic faith that recognized the rights of other faiths to exist, became the fifth most popular religion in the world by the 21st century
Empiricism (3.3)
Theme: Culture
insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis, an early scientific method