apush chapter 3

conditions in 1775

british resisted colonists trade, forbid town meetings, deprived americans of natural born rights (seen as tyrants)

1790-1800 slavery

increased reliance in deep south, SC

valley forge

washingtons leadership helped keep continental army together

battle of fallen timbers

1794

us army wins against american indian tribes

resulted in indians surrendering all lands in ohio river valley for us

battle of lexington and concord

april, 1775

the first shots, what quite literally led to the start of the revolution

• build up of tension from the political, economic, and ideological conditions in 1775

social class in england vs colonies

government in england and the colonies

colonies

• town meetings, each colony run by a governor (appointed by British to reinforce policies, could veto) and legislator

• under the legislation of the British Parliament and king

mecantilism

colonies would help the mother country become self-sufficient and wealthy, need for raw materials and colonists bought english goods

• led to laws governing the flow of goods

  • irritated colonists

• they do not want colonial manufacturing to develop

New england colonies under mercantilism

massachussetes, rhode island, conneticut

• very dependent on making ships to cary trade

• fishing, products, etc traded with europe

• triangle trade with west indies and africa

  trade restricted

• smuggling

  • boston became largest port through this

Middle colonies under mercantilism

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Delaware

• Molasses Act 1733 effected the most

• but like the north, usually ignored

Southern Colonies under mercantilisim

Virginia, Maryland, SC, NC, georgia

• produced the staples for Britian: tobacco, cotton, rice

• very dependent on British manufacturors

• Blamed constant debt on mercantile policies

potential benefits of living under the British Empire

protection given to colonial ships for flying under British flag

protection recieved from the army

French relationship with American Indians (1750)

befriended, traded, intermarried

• british expansion in the french territory threatened this

wars leading up to French and Indian

King williams war, queen annes war, king georges war

• showed there was problem with the british rule from the start

• revealed the fight for dominance in NA

1756 conflicts in

Ohio River Valley

Result of French and Indian war

• biggest victory for Britian in NA

• increased britians debt → increased british control

• increased colonial tension

• change in British colonial policies

George Washington

F & I War:

• lietenant colonel in Virgina milita

How did French and Indian War begin?

• Washingtons clash with the french in the Ohio River Valley

• French captured Fort Duquense

American Indians perspective F&I war

eu conflict = best chance of survival

• europeans would need AI help

General Edward Braddock

Who: General Edward Braddock What: British military officer Where: North America When: 1755 Why: Led a failed expedition during the French and Indian War to capture Fort Duquesne from the French. Braddock's forces were ambushed and suffered heavy casualties. Braddock himself was mortally wounded.

Guerrilla tactics

Utilizing unconventional warfare tactics to resist or overthrow a more powerful enemy, disrupt their operations, and gain strategic advantage.

albany plan of union

Who: Proposed by Benjamin Franklin, representatives from seven British North American colonies.

What: The Albany Plan of Union was a proposal to create a unified colonial government for the British colonies in North America.

Where: Albany, New York.

When: Proposed in 1754 during the French and Indian War.

Why: The plan aimed to strengthen colonial defense, manage Native American relations, and promote intercolonial cooperation. It was an attempt to address common challenges and foster unity among the colonies. However, it was not adopted by the colonies or the British government.

• revealed colonists desire for more self governing (independence)

• failed to include native Americans at meeting

• set a precedent

• join or die photo

Fort Louisburg

The French fort on Cape Breton Island that was recaptured by the British in the summer of 1758. It was a key point in France's defense of Canada, and a boon for the British.

seven years war (french and indian but global)

1754 for french and british in NA, and then included global powers

The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) was a global conflict fought between major European powers. It took place in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, and India. The war was primarily fought between Britain and France, with their respective allies. It started due to territorial disputes and power struggles. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris, which reshaped the balance of power in Europe and marked the decline of French influence. It also laid the groundwork for future conflicts, including the American Revolution.

Samuel Adams

The member of the Sons of Liberty from Massachusetts who became famous for his intense speeches.

impressment

Who: The British Royal Navy

What: Impressment

Where: Primarily in British ports and on the high seas

When: Occurred during the 17th to 19th centuries

Why: To forcibly recruit sailors into the British Navy to address manpower shortages and maintain naval dominance.

1758 French and Indian War

Turned in brits favor, won quebec

treaty of paris 1763

What: It marked the end of the Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War.

• Where: The treaty was signed in Paris, France.

• When: The Peace of Paris was signed on February 10, 1763.

• Why: The treaty aimed to restore peace and redraw territorial boundaries after the war. It resulted in significant territorial changes, with France losing most of its North American and Indian territories to Britain and Spain.

• Spain gets: cuba, phillipines, Louisiana, west of missi river

• British gets: east of missi river, canada

Proclamation line

1763 - act of parliament

no colonial settlements west of Appalachia mountains

Why: To prevent conflicts between Native American tribes and British colonists, and to control westward expansion of the colonies.

• increased colonial frustration, protests

• many ignored line, still bought land for once the line is gone

Colonial conditions at the end of the french and indian war

• strained relations with AI

• increased internal conflict

• BRITISH DEBT → increased taxes → more tension

  • British thought the war was for the colonists, so in return colonists should have to help

• thought they should have same rights as in england

Pontiacs rebellion

What: Pontiac's Rebellion, an armed conflict between Native American tribes and British colonists.

Where: The Great Lakes region of North America, including present-day Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.

When: 1763-1766.

Why: Native American tribes resisted British expansion and encroachment on their lands, as well as the policies imposed by the British after the French and Indian War.

• showed increase tension with AI

albany congress

1754 ben franklin proposes plan of union

salutary neglect

colonists had veiwed themselves as very independent, rights

• had local governments

ended in 1764

• taxes, increased regulation → colonial resentment

• nvg acts enforced now

• increased parliament economic and political control

king george the third

Who: King George III What: King of Great Britain and Ireland Where: United Kingdom When: Reign from 1760 to 1820 Why: Led Britain during the American Revolution

george grenville

Who: George Grenville

What: George Grenville was a British statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1763 to 1765.

Where: Grenville was born in London, England.

Why: Grenville is known for implementing Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, enforcing navigation acts (not enforced prior, smuggling was the norm)

• aimed to increase revenue from the American colonies.

Quartering Act

1765

Why: To address the cost of maintaining British troops in the colonies and to assert British authority over the colonists. The act required colonists to provide housing and supplies to British soldiers.

Sugar Act

1764 import tax on sugar, coffee, wine, mollasses

increased colonial protests

Why: To raise revenue and regulate trade, to pay off war debts from the French and Indian War.

currency act

1764

prevented colonial assemblies from printing paper money

→ colonial economy cant expand

Committee of correspondence

Massachusetts

• to spread concerns and info on protests to leaders of other colonies - communication line

• showed a new trend of unity

Influence of the enlightenment after french and indian war outcome

• stronger ties with all social classes

• influenced ideas about individualism

• ways to connect different groups

• no representation!!!

• questioned authority

• government by the consent of the governed

• natural rights

stamp act

1765

ALL paper items have to stamped

• a direct tax

• seen as an attempt to control internal affairs

  • same time as increase unemployment

virtiual representation

parliament represents all colonists, did not need direct representation

hard to get all colonists to care about colonial cause bc

they live in such different environments/places, tax hurt others more, hard to get everyone on board

Sons of Liberty, daughters of liberty, vox populi

NY, Boston area

groups wanting to end stamp act

Sam Adams

anti British propaganda

working class resistance

Virginia resolves

House of Burgesses led by Patrick Henry (believed in independence)

denounced taxation without representation

Stamp Act Congress

1765

• petitioned parliament to repeal stamp act

• still loyal tho

• very significant in marking a first of unity within the colonies

stamp and sugar act repealed in 1766

declaratory act

1766

• allowed parliament to pass any laws that binded colonies to Britain

• a restatement of power

Townshend Acts

Charles Townshend

similar to sugar act, import tax

→ promoted a boycott of brit goods, increased violence

John Dickinson

quaker

attacked townshend acts under a different name “farmer”

womens support 1760-70s

pledged to stop drinking tea, women essential part of boycotts as they used so much of those items

• made homemade goods instead of buying from British (political act, opposed imperial policies)

Boston Massacre

march 1770

• fight between protestors and British soldiers

• important moment in the lead up to the revolution

• used to promote the patriot cause

• colonists become more against British rule (tyranny)

• first deaths of revolution

Tea Act

1773

• want to save british east india company from financial debt

• lowered tax on tea, but hurt tea suppliers

• increased smuggling to decrease dependence on British products

• more sons of liberty protests

jennings

radical art, includes women and AI

emphasis on learning

Tammany Societies

patrioticism and republicanism

Paul Revere

The Bostonian who created an engraving of the Boston Massacre that was spread around the colonies as anti-British propoganda.

Boston tea party

1773

• protest on tax

• sons of liberty

• disguised as AI dumped 45 tons of tea in the boston harbor off of british ships

• a rally against british tax policy

intolerable/coercive acts

response to the boston tea party, punished colonists

• closed boston port until damage was paid for

• moved courts to under british in england

• want to weaken colonial control

aaron burr

Jefferson's running mate for vice president. He came head to head with Jefferson in the 1800 election and only lost because of Hamilton's advice against him. Because of this, he later killed Hamilton in a duel in 1804.

British East India Company

The company given monopoly over the Tea Trade by the Tea Act.

quebec acts

extended quebec to the ohio river valley, set up colonial gov without local representation

• militant reaction from colonial leaders

patriots

favored independence

Richard Henry Lee

The Congressional delegate from Virginia who introduced the motion of complete independence for the colonies in June 1776.

Noah Webster

The schoolmaster who promoted he idea of an American identity in 1783.

continental congress

1774 philadelphia

response to coercive acts, delegates from every colony but georgia

• another trend of unity against British policies

• no major push for independence, thought negotiation could happen

• reestablish previous colonial freedom

• no interest in challenging race or classes

• wealthy men held the power of indiv colonies

boycotts

economic way to make a political statement

common sense by thomas paine

1776

• argued powerfully for independence

• used biblical references

• enlightenment thought

• influenced colonists

• tipping point

continental army

made bc of strong push for independence

did not have a lot of money or good fighters “are these the men with which I am to defend america”

battle of lexington and concord

april 1775 - paul revere

• poltiical significance

• start of armed hostilities

• first literal shots

• start of the revolution

battle of bunker hill

june 1775 outside of boston

geography gave advantage to new england soldiers

• colonial minutemen led by Presscott

• British led by William Howe

• British victory, let them maintain control of Boston

• continental army established

2nd continental congress

established continental army

the national gov during the revolution

negotiated w/ outside powers

dunmores proclamation

november 1775

• lord dunmore claimed freedom to slaves if they fought in the war

• increased patriots fear of change in the social hierarchy

richard henry lee

virginia, with adams want for independence

Declaration of independence

4th of july, 1776

• thomas jefferson

• influenced by virginia declaration of rights (inherent rights of men)

AI during revolution

majority allied with british (flag of truce)

British had safety in

NYC

neutral

quakers, amish, etc

womens role in revolution

raising funds, gathering info, sending clothes/goods, help continental army supply shortage, harvests

betty ross

sewed american flag

slaves role

small amt were patriotic

phillis wheatley - wanted independence, better view on enslaved

what independence meant economically

lost main trade partner → harder to sustain economy → need for more support from men, women, and euorpean forces

William Howe 1776

want to isolate NY and NE from colonies

• battle of long island

Winter 1776

patriot troops struggling with small pox

British stop battle, gave patriots crucial time to repair army and allowed them to attack and win in New Jersey

• Brit retreated to NYC - twice as many casualities

battle of saratoga

October 1777 New York

patriot victory

• increased hope that colonists could win

• increased chance that french would ally

France allyship

1777- after battle of saratoga

considered crucial for success bc rough time for continental army

Ben Franklin → paris: very successful

Frances rivalry with Britian

1778 trade rights with US and France

• french help army in exchange for us defending french carribiean holdings

• spain allys with france to protect NA holdings

increased international involvement

Problem with French alliance army help

less americans volunteering

War spreads south and west

1778-1779

• south bc british saw them as loyalist, wanted support

• continental army spread thin

• continental congress faces money problems bc they had no right to impose taxes

  • borrowed, loans, printed money

    • inflation

Battle of Yorktown

1781 Virginia

• troops led by Lafayette

• French blocked ships of british supplies

• British serender, seals patriot victory !!

General Lafayette

• served on washingtons side

• led troops in yorktown

• wanted france to follow revolutions steps

treaty of paris 1783

ended revolution!

Us gets all of south of Canada and north of Louisiana

Factors allowing for independence

• knowledge of their own land

• british reliance on german, AI, and free people

  • those are all independent, so when it is looking like defeat they will look out for themselves

• Patriots allyship with France and Spain

  • Well prepared to challenge british, motivated by personal gains in NA

• To win, brits would have had to conquer states one by one

• enlightenment ideas → declaration of indepednence → increased support for patriots

After american revolution led to

debates about national government rule

Government after revolution

1776-1786

No centralized government because a fear of tyranny

state governments

Pennslyvania after revolution

most radical and democratic

new jersey constitution

1776

right to vote to all who qualified until 1807 when it became only men

vermont 1777

abolished slavery

pennslyvania 178

law passed that african americans born enslaved can be free at 28

what was the change with government and religion

no more gov sponsored religion

some states stopped funding religion

decrease in anglican faith, increase in other religions

no religion dominates, want for equal focus on all

statute of religious freedom

1786 Virginia assembly

separation of church and state

voluntary church, freedom of religion

who wanted expansion to = land to reward soldiers with

connecticut, georgia, ny, massachusetes, virginia

who wanted expansion to = common land that congress turned into independent governments

maryland