Chapter 01 The Study of Body Function Human Physiology Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering introductory human physiology concepts, scientific method, homeostasis, feedback loops, and primary tissue types.

Physiology is defined as the study of __________ function and how the body works.

biological

The study of how disease or injury affects physiological processes is known as __________.

Pathophysiology

Comparative physiology studies the differences and similarities in the functions of __________ and vertebrates.

invertebrates

In the scientific method, several verified hypotheses may become a general __________ based on reproducible data.

theory

Research on pharmaceuticals begins by studying the effects of a chemical on cells __________, meaning in a culture dish.

in vitro

Animal studies are conducted to see if chemical effects occur __________, meaning in a living creature.

in vivo

Phase __________ clinical trials test a drug on healthy human volunteers to test for side effects and dosage.

I

Phase __________ clinical trials test a drug’s effectiveness on people with a particular disease.

II

Phase III clinical trials are conducted on a large number of people to include both sexes, many age groups, and ethnicities before approval by the __________.

FDA

In the 17th century, __________ demonstrated that the heart pumps through a closed system of vessels.

William Harvey

Claude Bernard observed that the internal environment, or __________, stays relatively constant.

milieu intérieur

The term "homeostasis" was coined in 1932 by __________ to describe the internal consistency of the body.

Walter Cannon

Homeostasis is accomplished most often by __________ feedback loops.

negative

The three components of a negative feedback loop are the receptors (sensors), the __________, and the effector.

integrating center

Body temperature sensors in the brain detect deviation from the set point of __________.

$$37^{\circ}\text{C}$$

Maintaining conditions within a certain normal range, or __________, is often achieved through antagonistic effectors.

dynamic constancy

The normal range for arterial blood pH is __________.

$$7.35–7.45$$

The normal fasting blood value for glucose is __________.

$$70–99\,\text{mg/100\,mL}$$

In __________ feedback, the action amplifies the changes that stimulated the effectors.

positive

Regulation is __________ when cells within an organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond.

intrinsically

The __________ system regulates organs by releasing hormones into the blood.

endocrine

The basic unit of structure and function of living things is the __________.

cell

The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and __________.

smooth

Skeletal muscle fibers are formed by the union of separate cells called __________ to form a syncytium.

myoblasts

Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected physically and electrically by __________.

intercalated discs

The coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle layers is called __________.

peristalsis

Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and supporting cells called __________.

neuroglia

The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, and the __________.

axon

Epithelial membranes that are only one layer thick are called __________ epithelium.

simple

Epithelial cells that are as tall as they are long are classified as __________.

cuboidal

Simple __________ epithelium, found in the wall of the small intestine, allows for absorption.

columnar

Epithelial membranes are attached to underlying connective tissues by a __________.

basement membrane

Exocrine glands secrete into __________ that transport secretions to the surface of the epithelial membrane.

ducts

Glands that lack ducts and secrete hormones into capillaries are called __________ glands.

endocrine

Connective tissue is characterized by an __________ made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and specialized cells.

extracellular matrix

The major cells of connective tissue proper that produce and secrete the extracellular matrix are called __________.

fibroblasts

Cartilage is composed of cells called __________.

chondrocytes

In bone, cells called __________ trap mineral salts to form lamellae.

osteoblasts

The three embryonic germ layers from which specialized cells arise are endoderm, mesoderm, and __________.

ectoderm

Zygotes are __________, meaning they can become any type of cell.

totipotent

Adult stem cells are __________, as they can become several related cells but are limited to a narrow range.

multipotent

The __________ fluid compartment contains 65% of total body water.

intracellular