Anatomy & Physiology 3/4 Review

Skeletal sytem and Muscle system

UNIT 3

UNIT 3

What bones should you be able to identify in the skeletal system?

1. Cranium - skull

2. Rib - rib

3. Fibula - calf bone

4. Clavicle - collarbone

5. Humerus - upper arm bone

6. Vertebrae - spine or backbone

7. Scapula - shoulder blade

8. Radius - Forearm bone

9. Patella - knee cap

10. Mandible - lower jaw

11. Sternum - breast bone

12. Ulna - Forearm bone

13. Femur - Thigh Bone

What is the difference between axial and appendicular?

1. Axial - skull, vertebrae, and rib cage

2. Appendicular - everything else

How do you classify bone types?

1. Long bones - long and slender (femur and humerus)

2. Short bones — boxy and small (carpal and tarsal)

3. Flat bone - thin roughly parallel surfaces (sternum and ribs)

4. Irregular bones - complex shapes with short, flat, notched or rigid surfaces (vertebrae, pelvis)

5. Sesamoid bones - Small, flat shaped like a sesame (patella)

What are different types of Fractures?

1. Simple (closed) fracture - Bones break but don’t puncture skin

2. Compound fracture - Bone breaks and punctures skin

3. Comminuted fracture - bone shattered into multiple pieces

4. Greenstick Fracture - Partial fracture, one side bends other side breaks

5. Dislocation - separation of bone & joint

6. Spiral fracture - Bone breaks due to twisting forces

7. Transverse fracture - occurs straight across bone

8. oblique fracture - occurs at an angle to the bones axis

9. Avulsion - ligament or tendon breaks away from attachment on the bone

10. Fissure - Cracks in bone, incomplete fracture

How do you measure range of motion?

Goniometer

What is a joint?

A joint is a connection between two bones which allows movement and flexibility providing support and stability to the body.

What are the 3 types of joints in the body?

1. Fibrous joints - immovable (skull, radius to ulna, tooth to jaw)

2. cartilaginous joints - semi-movable (intervertebral disk, spine, pubic symphsis)

3. Synovial joints - moveable joints (knee, shoulder, hip elbow)

What are the six synovial joints?

1. Ball and socket joint - shoulder and hip

2. Hinge joint - elbow

3. pivot joint - neck, radius, ulna

4. condyloid joint - wrist

5. saddle joint - thumb

6. Plane joint - carpal

What are ligaments?

• connective tissue

• holds bone to bone

• takes long time to heal

• prone to injury

• no vascularized - no blood supply

• contributes to trauma from horizontal force

What are elbow ligaments?

• connective tissue

• holds bone to bone

• takes long time to heal

• prone to injury

• no vascularized - no blood supply

• contributes to trauma from horizontal force

What are internal structures of long bone and how does it relate to function?

Long bones consist of compact bone on the outside, providing strength and spongy bone on the inside, reducing weight & housing bone marrow for blood cell production

What role does cartilage play in ligaments and joints?

• Cartilage - provides cushioning and reduces friction at joints

• Ligaments - helps stabilize joints by connecting bones and supporting movement

How does skeletal system work to maintain homeostasis?

The skeletal system helps maintain balance by storing and releasing calcium as needed, supports the production of red blood cell in bone marrow and protects vital organs.

Bone histology

• Osteon - weight bearing fibrous (immovable) pillar

• Lamella - Collagen fiber adjacent to lamellae, spinning in different direction, reinforcing each other to resist twisting.

• Lacunae - houses cells to keep them alive & functional

• Central Canal - contains nerves and blood vessels that service in osteon

Bone structures

• Bone consists of calcium & phosphorous

  • Osteoblast: cells that form new bones & grow & heal existing bone

  • Osteocyte: cells in fully formed bone, maintaining calcium homeostasis

  • Osteoclast: Reabsorb bone materials & responsible for remodeling

UNIT 4

UNIT 4

What are the head-neck muscles?

1. Zygomaticus - Cheek muscle

2. Orbicularis Oculi - eye muscle

3. Temporalis - elevates and retracts mandible (chewing)

4. Orbicularis Oris - Mouth muscle ( puckering)

5. Sternocleidomastoid - neck muscle, rotates and flexes head & neck

What are the upper body muscles?

1. Serratus Anterior - pulls shoulder blade forward

2. Pectoralis Major - moves arm forward & inward

3. Deltoid - shoulder movements

4. Pectoralis Minor - shoulder blade move downward and forward

5. Brachiordialis - flexes forarm @ elbow

6. Biceps brachii - turning palm up

7. Palmaris longus - Flexes wrist

8. External Oblique - flexes and rotates torso, compressing abdomen

9. Rectus abdominus - flexes vertebral column (abs), compressing abdomen

What are lower body muscles?

1. Rectus Femoris - extends knee and flexes thigh at hip

2. Vastus medialis - extends knee (inside thigh)

3. Vastus lateralis - extends knee (outside thigh)

4. Gracilis - abducts (moving away) thigh flexes knee

5. Adductor longus - abducts thigh, flexes & rotates thigh medially

6. Adductor Brevis - abducts and flexes thigh

7. Tibialis anterior - Raise foor upward

8. Gastronemius - plantar flexes foot - point toes downward and flex knee

What are the major muscles in the human body?

1. Zygomaticus - Cheek muscle

2. Orbicularis Oculi - eye muscle

3. Pectoralis Major - moves arm forward & inward

4. Biceps brachii - turning palm up

5. Rectus abdominus - flexes vertebral column (abs), compressing abdomen

6. Vastus lateralis - extends knee (outside thigh)

7. Gracilis - abducts (moving away) thigh flexes knee

8. Gastronemius - plantar flexes foot - point toes downward and flex knee

What is the difference in structure & function b/w skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle?

• Skeletal muscle - striated; voluntary, controls body movement

• Cardiac muscle - striated; involuntary, found in heart

• Smooth - non-striated; involuntary, found in organs like stomach and blood vessels

What are the key structures in skeletal & cardiac muscle & their functions?

• skeletal muscle contains myofibrils, sarcomeres, sarcolemma, and nuclei for contraction

• Cardiac muscles has intercalated disc, striations, and a single central nucleus for coordinated contraction of the heart

What is the hierarchal structure of muscle and how it impacts organism?

its organized from:

• 1: Muscle fibers

• 2: Fasicles

• 3: Whole muscles

This organization allows for effective force generation & control over large movements and fine motor skills.

What is the function and structure of sarcomeres and how do they work, and where are the located?

Sarcomeres are contractile units of skeletal and cardiac muscle, located within myofibrils, consisting of actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filament) that slide past each other to produce muscle contraction.

What is the functional purpose of the Muscular system?

Muscular system enables movement, posture, maintenance, joint stability, heat production, and protection of internal organs.

What is a tendon?

A tendon is a strong, fibrous, connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone, enabling movement when the muscle contracts.

What are main structures of muscle cells?

• Sarcolemma (cell membrane)

• Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)

• Myofibrils

• Nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum

What are marcrostructures of skeletal muscle?

• Muscle fiber

• Fascicles ( bundle of muscle fiber)

• Epimysium ( outer connective tissue)

• Perimysium (surrounds fascicles)

• Endomysium ( surrounds individual muscle fiber)