APEURO UNIT 6 Industrial Revolution

Flying Shuttle

A mechanical weaving device invented by John Kay in 1733 that greatly increased the speed of weaving by allowing a single weaver to operate a loom more efficiently.

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, enabling one worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously, significantly boosting yarn production; used by individual women working at home

Ellen and John Hacking

worked to develop carding machines to straighten cotton and wool fibers for spinning

Carding Machines

Machines that prepare fibers by disentangling and straightening them, essential in the textile manufacturing process.

Richard Arkwright

An inventor and entrepreneur known for developing the water frame, which revolutionized the textile industry by enabling large-scale production of yarn.

water frame

A water-powered spinning frame invented by Richard Arkwright, used to produce stronger and finer yarn than previous methods; powered by water, which encouraged many fo these machines to be placed together, leading to the first markets

Johann Friedrich Bottger

A German alchemist and inventor known for developing porcelain in Europe. His work laid the foundation for the Meissen porcelain factory, the first European manufacturer of hard-paste porcelain.

Steam Engine

A heat engine that converts the energy of steam into mechanical work. It played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution by powering machinery, locomotives, and ships.

James Watt

A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who improved the steam engine, making it more efficient and practical for widespread use during the Industrial Revolution.

bourgeoisie

The upper class in capitalist society, characterized by their ownership of production means and their role in the economy. They emerged as a powerful social and economic group during the Industrial Revolution.

proletariat

The working class in a capitalist society, who do not own the means of production and are typically employed to perform manual labor. They became a significant social class during the Industrial Revolution.

middle class

A social class that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, characterized by their economic prosperity and influence in society, primarily consisting of professionals, business owners, and skilled workers.

“Angels in the Household”

A term used to describe the idealized role of women in the domestic sphere during the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing their role in maintaining the home and nurturing the family.

Swing Riots

A series of protests and machine-breaking incidents that occurred in rural England during the early 1830s, initiated by agricultural workers who opposed the use of labor-saving machinery that threatened their livelihoods.

Luddites

A group of English textile workers in the early 19th century who protested against the introduction of machinery that they believed would threaten their jobs, often through acts of machine-breaking.

Industrial Revolution

a fundamental change in the way goods were made for sale, from goods made by hand to goods made by machines

Cottage Industry

a system of production where goods are made at home, typically by hand, often involving family labor.

Corn Laws

laws that imposed tariffs and restrictions on imported grain to protect domestic agriculture in Britain during the early 19th century; repealed, allowing for grain to be imported from elsewhere and for people to migrate to urban areas

British Royal Society for the Arts

an organization founded in 1754 to promote arts, manufacturing, and commerce in Britain, encouraging innovation and improvement in various fields, created incentive to produce new technologies

factory system

a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor, typically organized in large buildings.

Great Exhibition

an event held in 1851 in London's Crystal Palace to showcase industrial achievements and innovations from around Britain’s empire, celebrating the technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution.

Crystal Palace

a large glass and iron structure designed for the Great Exhibition, demonstrating the era's architectural and engineering innovations.

Quentin Canal

a man-made waterway in France, completed in the early 19th century, facilitating transportation and trade during the Industrial Revolution.

Irish Potato Famine

a period of mass starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852, caused by potato blight, leading to significant population decline and emigration.