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Central Executive
It replaces the 'sensory buffer' and directs attention to tasks before allocating information based on modality.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Where visual and/or spatial information is stored as well as where the visual cache and inner scribe are located.
Phonological Loop
Where auditory information and language (both written and spoken) are dealt with.
Episodic Buffer
It is dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing, such as the memory of a story, event, or a movie scene.
Dual-Task Technique
Two tasks are performed where the primary task is what the researcher is looking to observe and the secondary task merely is a competitor to the primary.
phonological store
holds words heard
articulatory process
holds words heard/seen and silently repeated like an inner voice
inner voice
the result of certain brain mechanisms that allow you to 'hear' yourself talk in your head without actually making any noise
inner scribe
processes spatial and movement information
visual cache
processes what things look like and information about form and color
articulatory suppression
the act of overwhelming the phonological loop and preventing the inner voice from rehearsing (articulatory processes from occurring)
articulatory rehearsal component
the inner voice repeating information
amnesia
loss of memory
primacy effect
information presented at the beginning of an experiment is more likely to be remembered due to increased opportunity for rehearsal
recency effect
information presented at the end of an experiment is more likely to be remembered due to it still being within the short term memory duration
retrograde amnesia
the loss of old memories prior to an injury/event
childhood amnesia
a form of retrograde amnesia but specifically relating to the loss of childhood memories
global amnesia
amnesia both prior to or post injury/event
anterograde amnesia
the inability to retain or form new memories made post-injury/event
one tailed hypothesis
a directional hypothesis which points to the direction the effect will appear in
two tailed hypothesis
a non-directional hypothesis that predicts the existence of an effect but not the direction it will appear in
word length effect
increased word length correlates with increased syllable count and therefore increased units of information making longer words harder to remember
Long-term memory storage
where long term memories are stored after appropriate rehearsal in the STM
attention
focusing on certain stimuli
rehearsal
repetition of information in the STM
Goal Shifting
a part of the Central Executive that has to apply schemas in task switching
Rule Activation
our understanding based on different goals
Task Switching
switching between where attention is being focused and what tasks are being carried out (often called multi-tasking)
short-term memory/working memory
a store with limited capacity and duration that gets information from the sensory buffer if it is paid attention.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Where memory is stored after it has been rehearsed while in STM and has unlimited capacity and duration.
Semantic Memory
Factual knowledge that you have.
Episodic Memory
Autobiographical memories, memories of events or experiences.
Procedural Memory
Memories of how to do something or habits.
Facial Recognition
The ability to recall and recognize faces.
Transfer
The movement of information from store to store.
Retrieval
The movement of information from the LTM to the STM allowing for recall to occur.
Iconic Memory
Memory based on visual inputs which has a duration of 1 second.
Echoic Memory
Memory based on auditory inputs that has a duration of 2-5 seconds.
Chunking
Grouping information together to form 'larger' units of information.
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness/the inability to recognize/recall who someone is based on their face due to damage to the fusiform gyrus.
Conscious (Explicit) Memories
Semantic memory for facts and episodic memory for events expressed through recollection.
Unconscious Implicit Memory
Systems that include skills, habits, and learned emotional responses expressed through performance.
Sensory Buffer
A temporary store that holds information from the environment very briefly in its original form (visual, auditory, tactile, or olfactory).
Miller's Rule
The capacity of short term memory is 7+/- 2 units of information.
Reconstructive Memory
The process of piecing together information from stored knowledge when there is no clear memory of an event.
Levels of Processing Theory
The idea that the way information is encoded affects how well it is remembered (deep vs. shallow processing).
Working Memory Model
An model created by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) that provides more aspects of Short Term Memory.
Multi-store memory model
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory model by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain schemata, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Leveling
tendency to minimize the less central details of a memory
Sharpening
emphasizing important or more interesting elements in telling a story or a memory
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas, adding to the schema or altering our memory of the new experience to fit existing schema
accommodation
replacing our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Schema
These are mental representations, derived from prior experience and knowledge that are used to organize our knowledge, assist recall, guide our behavior, predict likely happenings, and help us make sense of current experiences.
scripts
broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge (schemas) to organize individual features and sensory inputs into a unified understanding (think Rat Man)
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information into an understanding
Effort After Meaning
Tendency to connect information with schemas to try to give it meaning so it can be more readily stored. From Bartlett's research.
flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
dual-pathway model of fear
LeDoux's theory that the brain uses two pathways (a "high road" and a "low road") to process fear messages
appraisal theory
a theory of emotion that proposes that emotions are based on an individual's assessment of a situation or an outcome and its relevance to his or her goals
reconstructive memory
the process whereby memories of an event become distorted by information encountered after the event occurred
Cryptomnesia (false memory)
a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, or the confusion of true memories with false memories
