Exploring the Broken Windows Theory in Policing

Broken Windows Theory

Visible signs of disorder leading to increased crime

Police Role in Community

Maintaining order and social controls

Order Maintenance vs. Law Enforcement

Shift from maintaining order to fighting crime

Foot Patrol vs. Motorized Patrol

Foot patrol's effectiveness in neighborhood safety

Informal Social Control

Community-driven social order enforcement

Community Involvement

Citizen action in maintaining order

Police Deployment

Effective police force distribution

Urban Decay and Crime

Relationship between urban decay and crime

Legal and Ethical Complexities

Challenges in order-maintenance policing

Vigilantism and Citizen Patrols

Community watch groups and potential issues

Responsibility and Police Presence

Importance of police presence in public spaces

Public Perception of Safety

Impact of police presence on citizen safety perception

Police-Community Relations

Improved relations leading to better outcomes

Informal Rules and Social Order

Establishing informal rules for social order

The Role of the Law

Balancing individual rights and communal order

Neighborhood Standards vs. State Rules

Police activity based on local vs. state standards

Communal Losses

Importance of community integrity

Public Spaces and Civility

Police role in maintaining civility in public areas

Social Support as a Criminology Paradigm

Explaining crime rates through social support

Inverse Relationship

Crime rates inversely related to social support level

Social Support Mechanisms

Ways social support reduces criminogenic strains

Research Directions

Incorporating social support into criminology research

Job Networks

Crucial for youth employment and crime prevention

Governmental Assistance

Aid to the poor reducing violent crime

Family Support

Various forms linked to decreased crime

Social Capital and Informal Social Controls

Reducing crime through social capital and controls

Collective Efficacy

Neighborhoods' capacity for social control and collective action

Ecometric Methods

Methods to measure collective efficacy using surveys

Technology in Building Collective Efficacy

Role of technology in enhancing collective efficacy in modern societies

Comparative Research on Collective Efficacy

Need for research to understand collective efficacy across different contexts

CPTED Principles

Crime prevention strategy manipulating built environment to reduce crime

Historical Origins of CPTED

Traced back to early human settlements and efforts to reduce crime

Theoretical Roots of CPTED

Based on environmental criminology and psychology theories

Implementation Factors of CPTED

Factors influencing the effectiveness of CPTED interventions

Evidence for CPTED

Support for CPTED effectiveness from individual projects and case studies

Empirical Evaluations of CPTED

Studies like Gardiner's and Newman's reporting crime reduction with CPTED

Complexity of CPTED Evaluations

Challenges in evaluating CPTED projects due to research quality issues

Criticisms of CPTED

Concerns about clarity, negative outcomes, and terminology in CPTED

Adaptation of CPTED

Need for CPTED to evolve with urbanization and emerging crime issues

Situational Crime Prevention

Focuses on specific crime types and settings to reduce crime opportunities

Theoretical Background of Situational Crime Prevention

Incorporates environmental criminology theories like rational choice perspective

Problem-Solving Methodology in Situational Crime Prevention

Structured approach involving hypothesis development and measure evaluation

Evaluation of Situational Prevention Measures

Rigorous evaluation of projects to assess effectiveness

Understanding Crime Commission

Importance of understanding crimes from the offender's perspective

Focus on Crime Concentrations

Targeting hot spots and repeat victim locations for crime reduction

Effectiveness and Criticisms of Situational Prevention

Successes in specific circumstances but concerns about displacement and benefits diffusion

Examples of Successful Interventions in Situational Prevention

Instances like improved security and enhanced lighting leading to crime reduction

Negative Aspects of Situational Prevention

Criticism for promoting surveillance and inconvenience

Research and Speculation on Situational Prevention

Speculation on reducing crime opportunities and its impact on crime volume

Systems Analysis in Human Development

Importance of analyzing systems with multiple persons and subsystems

Indirect Impact of Physical Factors on Development

Environmental influences affecting development indirectly through others

Ecological Circumstances and Development

Factors like family structure influencing developmental processes

Second-Order Effects in Parent-Child Interaction

Influence of other adults on parent-child interaction patterns

Ecological Experiments and Physical Environment

Considering physical environment's influence on social processes

Interactions Between Settings in Human Development

Joint impact of different settings on behavior and development

Innovative Restructuring of Ecological Systems

Experiments involving restructuring ecological systems beyond traditional methods

Ecological Systems Restructuring

Revamping existing systems to diverge from established ideologies and structures.

Natural Experiment

Study using real-life conditions to test hypotheses, like Seaver's teacher expectancy research.

Risk Factors

Personal traits or environmental conditions linked to delinquent behavior likelihood.

Static Risk Factors

Unchangeable traits like parental criminality affecting delinquency.

Dynamic Risk Factors

Changeable traits like peer associations influencing delinquent behavior.

Individual Risk Factors

Personal traits such as antisocial behavior or cognitive deficits.

Peer Risk Factors

Influences from delinquent peers on behavior and norms.

Protective Factors

Characteristics countering risk factors, enhancing resilience in youths.

Social-Ecological Model

Concept emphasizing multiple influences on child development across levels.

Positive Youth Development

Focus on assets to prevent negative behaviors, enhancing resilience.

Social Learning Theory

Theory highlighting behavior influence from social surroundings.

Social Control Theory

Theory suggesting strong family and societal ties prevent delinquency.

Protective Factors Measurement

Indicators assessing factors like family activities to prevent negative outcomes.

Al's Pals Program

A program promoting social and emotional competence in children to deter aggression.

FAST Program

Initiative building protective factors for at-risk children and empowering parents.

Experimental Ecology

Using experiments to understand human development within ecological systems.

Systems Properties

Characteristics affecting and being influenced by human behavior in ecosystems.

Complexity of Human Environments

Bronfenbrenner's view on the intricate adaptability of humans to their surroundings.

Interdependencies in Systems

Viewing environmental structures as interdependent entities analyzed in system terms.

Subsystems Analysis

Studying smaller systems like family structures and their impacts on development.

Indirect Physical Factors Impact

Influence on development beyond interactions, like noise pollution affecting behavior.

Exosystem Effects

Investigating external settings indirectly influencing development, like extended family.

Macrosystem Research

Exploring overarching patterns affecting development, including cross-cultural studies.

Transformative Experiments

Radical restructuring of environments to unleash new behavioral potentials.