hist221 - exam2

Great War of the Empire

7 Years War (Europe)

French and Indian War (US)

war for who would take over North America turned worldwide conflict

Fort Duquesne

land claimed by the French during 7 Years War

Edward Braddock

British General sent to expell French from territory

William Pitt

Prime Minister who sent an army to North America

1759

Quebec taken over ending the war

Sugar Act of 1764

British Minister lowered tax on molasses, now enforced and causing commotion over colonists

Stamp Act of 1765

tax on all printed documents (newspaper, printed paper, dice, playing cars, etc.)

Tea Act of 1773

attempt to help out the East India Tea Company (had a monoply on importing tea to the colonists) who ran into financial problems; tax on tea

Coercive Act

completely shut down Boston Hardor; nothing in and nothing out, putting MA under complete British rule

1st Continental Congress

created so colonies could make an argument as a whole country

Battle (Skirmish) of Lexington and Concord of 1775

• British troops set to Concord to seize/destroy ammunition depot; Paul Revere

• people went to protest causing British to fire at MA Militia in Lexington

• British went to Concord and were ambushed

Battle of Bunker Hill

1st Revolutionary battle; militiamen ran out of gunpowder, started charging at British with bayonets; Bristish declare stalemate and retreat

Congress

saw role as making statements as a whole for all the colonies; creating Olive Branch Statement (saying states were loyal subjects of the king)

events that declared favor of independence

• 1775: British started using German mercenaries (Hessians) who came from Hesse Kessel; Americans hated Hessians and the king for sending them

• 1776: Thomas Paine created Common Sense pamphlet (most influential); said it was pointless to risk American lives just to change a few laws, idea of a king is ridiculious, it’s common sense to turn against someone trying to kill you

July 2, 1776

officially declared independence

July 4, 1776

Decleration of Independence was adopted

Decleration of Independence

written by Thomas Jefferson declaring 13 united colonies to be free and independent states

purpose of Decleration of Independence

America was looking for help from France; basically saying ‘“this is what we’re trying to do”

Battle of Saratoga (most important battle)

Americans’ first big victory, giving France what they were looking for; turing point in the Revolutionary War

Treaty of Amity

French officially recgonized US as its own country

Treaty of Alliance

France would enter Revolutionary War, but neither countries (France or America) could make a separate peace with Britain without the other’s consent

Battle of Yorktown 1781

Americans and French linked up to take down the British

French General Rochambeau

in control of French army/militia

1783

Britain recognized American independence after surrender at Yorktown

salvery contradiction

“all men created equal” said by slave owner

Articles of Confederation

one of the early governments, established a congress with delegates from the states (each state had only 1 vote no matter the population)

Land Ordinance of 1785

concerned how the land would be distributed in North West; divided land into townships, townships divided into lots, lots would be auctioned

Northwest Ordinance

provided to establish 3-5 (normally 5) territories north of Ohio River; prohibited slavery in northern territories, congress provided a governor and judge for each territory; when population reached 5,000 adult males they could elect own legislative, 60,000 they could apply for statehood

problem with ordinance

states heavily in debt, owing money to bond holders (who demanded for tax increase)

Shay’s Rebellion

rebellion against tax brom ordinance; 2,000 farmers riding up in open rebellion, MA militia put it down

The Virginia Plan

James Madison plan to set up the government (still in use today; 3 branches)

Legislative Branch

• upper house: Senate

• lower house: House of Reps.

Great Compromise

had equal representation in Senate (2 senators) and House of Rep was based on population

3/5 Compromise

counted 3/5 of slave population for representation (60/100)

Executive Branch

• president elected every 4 years

• can make treaties

• appoint diplomats and judges

• had veto power over congress

• power to recommend legislature

Judiciary Branch

• allows for high court

• started with 4 judges

• system needed to be ratified (9/13 states vote in favor)

• caused discourse and created 2 factions

Federalists

more power to the federal government

Anti-Federalists

more power to the states

The Federalist Papers

series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to ensure the new government wouldn’t be tyrranical and how the constitution would be interpreted

1788

1st election, federalists won; Washington elected

Secretary of Treasury

Alexander Hamilton

Secrretary of State

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of War

Henry Knox

Attorney General

Edmund Randolph

Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit

wanted to show how well the government handles its debts; assumed all debts of the previous governmet and take the debt of teh states and make it part of the national government

Hamilton’s Report on National Bank

wanted to create a national/central bank for the country and be a financial agent for the nation; authority to issue notes/currency, make debt easier to fund, funded by government and provide investors; “Bank of the United States”

Strict Construction

Jefferson’s reasoning for opposing the National Bank; only things that are explicitly stated in the Constitution are constitutional

Broad Construction

Hamilton’s argument against Jefferson; not explicitly stated in teh Constitution by is implied

Jefferson

Republicans

Hamilton

Federalists

French Revolution of 1789

• broke out in Europe, people rising up against the monarchy

• France undergoes dictatorship under Napolean

• war ended when Napolean was killed

1793

French executed the king and ended up abolishing Christianity

Reign of Terror

mass executions from the French

Hamilton/Federalists

saw the French Revolution as anarchy and as a way to destroy social order; Pro-British

Jefferson/Republicans

saw the French revolution as good, as a struggle for liberty; Pro-French

Orders in Council

gave English Navy authority to seize cargo of any ships seeming to trade with France/French allies

Policy of Impressment

forcibly taking soldiers off neutral ships and forcing them into the British Navy

XYZ/XYZ Affair

French ministers who wanted demands (loan of $12 million and a payment of $250,000)

Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

implemented by Adams after facing criticism from Republicans

Alien Act

gave president to gid ride of any people who weren’t citizens (aliens), lengthened requirement to get legal citizenship (from 5 years to 14); only used against the Irish

Sedition Act

prohibited writing/speaking/publishing anything that defamed the president/government making it illegal to criticize them

Election of 1800

• Jefferson won, leader of Republicans

• first time power shifted from one to another

Jefferson Presidency

• believed in wise and frugal government; shouldn’t run permanent debt, just pay expenses; cut various taxes

• cut down size of the army

• greatest achievement: Louisiana Purchase

Talleyrand

French Minister who asked Americans if they wanted the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 shocking Americans

Louisiana Purchase

• US gained the entire Mississippi River Valley

• Dec 1803, US takes formal possession of Louisiana Territory for $15 million

end of Jefferson/Burr Presidency

• Aaron Burr (VP) was in contact with conspirators

• Hamilton believed Burr was a threat to Republicans; they had a shooting duel (Hamilton shot first), Burr then shot Hamilton (died 2 years later from wounds)

• after duel Burr left NY (dueling illegal) and headed west