Pathology MidTerm Crash Course

Exam 1

What spinal vertebrae is correlated with the kidneys?

T12-L3

The kidneys lie in the back of the abdomen, what is the technical term for the location of the kidneys?

Retroperitoneally

What are the difference between veins and arteries?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood, Arteries carry oxygenated (rich) blood

How could you test an aggravated kidney capsule distension?

Murphy punch test

What could rarely lead to kidney pain?

Acute glomerulonephritis

What are the order that the arteries of the kidney travel?

Descending aorta, Renal artery, Segmental artery, Interlobar artery, Arcuate artery

What does the Renal vein flows into?

Inferior vena cava

What are located in both the renal cortex and the renal medulla, and the main functional unit of the kidney?

Nephron

What are the steps of the nephrons?

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Descending Loop of Henle, Ascending loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct

When it come to the types of the nephrons? cortical and juctamedullary

C comes way before J so C is short length

What is the force exerted by a fluid, typically water or oil, on a surface or structure, measures as force per unit area?

Hydraulic pressure

What is the pressure that exists within standing of stationary fluids?

Hydrostatic Pressure

What is the main difference between hydraulic and osmotic pressure?

Hydrostatic pressure fluid out, Osmotic pressure draws fluid back in the capillary

Arterioles, capillaries, postcapillary venules are all collectively consider what?

Microcirculation

What is a transmembrane protein, essential for maintaining the glomerular filtration barriers and preventing protein leakage into the urine?

Nephrin

What are the functions of mesangial cells?

All 3 that are listed

T/F

Glomeruli are permeable for small molecules and not permeable for large molecules

True

After filtration at the glomerulus, where is extensive reabsorption of filtered substances occurs?

Renal tubular network

Where are all the sites in the kidney where acid excretion?

Everything listed

Where in the kidney regulate acid-base balance through the reabsorption and regeneration of bicarbonate?

Proximal tubules

Where in the kidney regulate the potassium balance where it is secreted into the lumen?

Distal collecting duct

What is the nephritic syndrome clinically manifested by?

Hematuria, Oliguria (azotemia), Hypertension

When blood urea nitrogen and creatinine leveles increase what happens to the GFR level?

Decreases

In glomerulonephritis could patient experiences pain?

Some could be severe

What is (type I) the formation of autoantibodies against two basement membrane: alveolar and glomerular. This results in autoimmune inflammation of lungs and kidneys.

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

What is the most common form of systemic lupus erythematosus?

Lupus-nephritis

What is a systemic vasculitis of small or medium-sized muscular arteries that typically affects renal and visceral vessels but spares the pulmonary circulation?

Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)

What is the most common glomerular disease, that characterized by the presence of prominent IgA deposits in the mesangial regions and recurrent hematuria?

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)

In the nephritic syndrome, what is the most common hereditary glomerulonephritis?

Alport Syndrome

Where is Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) produced?

Ascending limb of loop of Henle

Nephortic syndrome is clinically maifested by

massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia

T/F

In hypoalbuminemia the inversion of albumin to globulin is greater than 1

False

What’s the most frequent cause of Nephrotic syndrome in children, that is relatively benign disorder characterized by diffuse effacement of foot processes of visceral epithelial cells?

Minimal Change Disease

For minimal change disease what is typically done to help cure this diseases?

Corticosteroid therapy

Genetic predisposition, infections, some medications, all helps the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in the United States.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Acute renal failure develops rapily over a few hours or days and could be fatal..

but could be often reversible

What is diabetic nephropathy first pathomorphological and clinical form?

Glomerular Lesions

Kidney failure the progressive intoxication of the body develops, and all organs and systems are affected is also known as

End-Stage Renal Disease (Uremia)

What is consider an abnormal flow of urine from the bladder to the upper urinary tract?

Vesicoureteral reflux

What is an thrombotic microangiopathies that is rare but serious disease that affects the kidneys and blood clotting functions of infected people?

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

What characteried Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome?

Triad effect

What affects nearly 5 to 10% of people in the US in their lifetime. It refers to calculus formation at any level of collecting urinary system.

Urolithiasis

What is the most imporant determinant of Urolithiasis

increased urinary concentration of stones’ constituents

T/F

85% of kidney stones show up on Xrays

True

Citrate decreases agglomeration spontaneous nucleation, and crystal growth of

calcium oxalate

What develop only in basic (alkaline) environment of the urine?

Struvite stones

What are secondary to an inborn error of metabolism resulting in abnormal intestinal mucosal absorption and renal tubular absorption of dibasic amino acids.

Cystine Stones

What are the main difference of prevention of urine volume in Uric Acid Stone and Cystine stone

UAS > 2 and CS>3

What is a renal pelvic stone with extension into the renal calyces?

Staghorn calyces

In staghorn calculus where in the kidney does accumulation of the urine in the tubes proximal to the calculus results in increase of

intrarenal hydrostatic pressure

What is not a predisposing factor of urolithiasis?

Multiple runs

What occurs as a result of obstruction of the ureter by calculi, resulting in obstruction of urinary flow and accumulation of the urine in the kidney pelvis.

Renal Colic

What is the best option today for renal colic treatment?

Ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy

What is a genetic disorder in which clusters of cysts develp primary within the kidneys, causing kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time?

Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease

Besides the kidney where is the most common location for patients with APKD have cysts?

Liver