Functional Groups

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Biology

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16 Terms

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hydrophilic substances

  • Form hydrogen bonds with water (ions, sugars, cellulose, some proteins)

  • Polar & charged (IONIC)

<ul><li><p>Form hydrogen bonds with water (ions, sugars, cellulose, some proteins)</p></li><li><p>Polar &amp; charged (IONIC)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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hydrophobic substances

  • Does not form hydrogen bonds with water

  • Nonpolar & uncharged (NONIONIC)

<ul><li><p>Does not form hydrogen bonds with water</p></li><li><p>Nonpolar &amp; uncharged (NONIONIC)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Hydroxyl

  • -OH

  • Polar = Hydrophilic

  • Acidic

  • Alcohol
    Ex: Ethanol

<ul><li><p>-OH</p></li><li><p>Polar = Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>Acidic</p></li><li><p>Alcohol<br>Ex: Ethanol</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carbonyl

  • C=O

  • Polar = Hydrophilic

  • "Aldehyde" = Terminal

  • "Ketone" = Internal
    Ex: Acetone

<ul><li><p> C=O</p></li><li><p>Polar = Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>"Aldehyde" = Terminal</p></li><li><p> "Ketone" = Internal<br>Ex: Acetone</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carboxyl

  • -COOH

  • Charged

  • Polar = Hydrophilic

  • Acidic

  • Component in amino & fatty acids
    Ex: Glycine

<ul><li><p>-COOH</p></li><li><p>Charged</p></li><li><p>Polar = Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>Acidic</p></li><li><p>Component in amino &amp; fatty acids<br>Ex: Glycine</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Amino

  • -NH2

  • Charged

  • Polar = Hydrophilic

  • Basic

  • Amines
    Ex: Glycine

<ul><li><p>-NH<sub>2</sub></p></li><li><p>Charged</p></li><li><p>Polar = Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>Basic</p></li><li><p>Amines<br>Ex: Glycine</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Sulfhydryl

  • -SH

  • Weakly Polar = Weakly Hydrophilic

  • Neutral

  • Used in: Protein structures
    Ex: Cysetine

<ul><li><p>-SH</p></li><li><p>Weakly Polar = Weakly Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>Neutral</p></li><li><p>Used in: Protein structures<br>Ex: Cysetine</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phosphate

  • -PO4H2

  • Charged

  • Acidic

  • Polar = Hydrophilic

  • Phospholipids & Nucleic Acids
    Ex: Ethanol

<ul><li><p>-PO<sub>4</sub>H<sub>2</sub></p></li><li><p>Charged</p></li><li><p>Acidic</p></li><li><p>Polar = Hydrophilic</p></li><li><p>Phospholipids &amp; Nucleic Acids<br>Ex: Ethanol</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Methyl

  • -CH3

  • Nonpolar = Hydrophobic

  • Neutral

  • Used in: gene expression
    Ex: 3-Methyl cytosine

<ul><li><p>-CH<sub>3</sub></p></li><li><p>Nonpolar = Hydrophobic</p></li><li><p>Neutral</p></li><li><p>Used in: gene expression<br>Ex: 3-Methyl cytosine</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Carbohydrates

• CH2O
• Monomers end in “-ose”
• Very Polar = Very Hydrophilic
• Carbonyl Group
• Monosacc + Monosacc = Glysodic Linkage

<p>• CH2O<br>• Monomers end in “-ose”<br>• Very Polar = Very Hydrophilic<br>• Carbonyl Group<br>• Monosacc + Monosacc = Glysodic Linkage</p>
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Lipids

• Glycerol
• Nonpolar = Hydrophobic
• Saturated & Unsaturated
• Lipid + Lipid = Ester Linkage

<p>• Glycerol<br>• Nonpolar = Hydrophobic<br>• Saturated &amp; Unsaturated<br>• Lipid + Lipid = Ester Linkage</p>
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Proteins

• Primary
Linear
• Secondary
Hydrogen bonds btw close amino acids
• Tertiary
Complex, 3D
• Quarternary
Several polypeptide chains

<p>• Primary<br>Linear<br>• Secondary<br>Hydrogen bonds btw close amino acids<br>• Tertiary<br>Complex, 3D<br>• Quarternary<br>Several polypeptide chains</p>
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Nucleic Acids

• DNA & RNA
•Transmits hereditary info
• Linked by covalent bonds (Phosphodiesters)
•Nucleotides = Monomer

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Big → Small

Hydrolysis

<p>Hydrolysis</p>
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Small → Big

Dehydration

<p>Dehydration</p>
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Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

<p>loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor</p>