Functional Groups

hydrophilic substances

• Form hydrogen bonds with water (ions, sugars, cellulose, some proteins)
• Polar & charged (IONIC)

hydrophobic substances

• Does not form hydrogen bonds with water
• Nonpolar & uncharged (NONIONIC)

Hydroxyl

• R-OH, -OH
• Polar
• Alcohol
Ex: Ethanol

Methyl

• R-CH3
• NonPolar
Ex: 3-Methyl cytosine

Carbonyl

• Polar
• "Aldehyde" = Terminal
• "Ketone" = Internal
Ex: Acetone

Carboxyl

• -COOH
• Charged
• Carbolytic Acid
• Component in amino & fatty acids
Ex: Glycine

Amino

• -NH2
• Charged
• Amines
Ex: Glycine

Sulfhydryl

• -SH
• Polar
• Form disulfide bonds in protein
Ex: Cysetine

Phosphate

• Pi
• Charged
• Acidic
• Phospholipids & Nucleic Acids
Ex: Ethanol

Carbohydrates

• CH2O
• -ose
• Polar = Very Hydrophilic
• Carbonyl Group
• Monosacc + Monosacc = Glysodic Linkage

Lipids

• Glycerol
• Nonpolar = Hydrophobic
• Saturated & Unsaturated
• Lipid + Lipid = Ester Linkage

Proteins

• Primary
Linear
• Secondary
Hydrogen bonds btw close amino acids
• Tertiary
Complex, 3D
• Quarternary
Several polypeptide chains

Nucleic Acids

• DNA & RNA
•Transmits hereditary info
• Linked by covalent bonds (Phosphodiesters)
•Nucleotides = Monomer

Big → Small

Hydrolysis

Small → Big

Dehydration

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor