Biology 1114 - Exam 2

Armillaria ostoya

• feeds on dead plant material, bread, grass,

• fruiting bodies

• start as spores…they need moist situation to grow. millions of spores for larger fungi.

chitin

• nitrogen containing structural polysaccharide

• also found in exoskeletons

substrate

osmotrophy

• breakdown of big molecules to small molecules

• ingest the small ones

• heterotrophy

• glycogen (sugar storage)

hyphae

transparent, the beginnings of the spores. the network

mycelia

root part of fungi. network

septa

fruiting bodies

• reproductive structures

• spreads! many different ways, rain, wind, insects etc.

spores

asexual reproduction

happens best if it is stable. fast spread. 1000+ reproductions.

sexual reproduction

• to make a mushroom, you need to have mating occur.

• there must be two.

• isogametes

• no zygote is formed

phallotoxins an amatoxins

• attack the liver

• vominting

• distorted vision

hallucinogens

• muscamiol

• claviceps purpurea

• psilocybe (magic mushrooms)

cryptomycota

• can be posterior flagellate and non flagellate

• lacks chitin

microsporidia

• coiled spring to get into host

• infect people with impaired immune systems

• large affect on honey bee populations

• inhabit moist places

chytrids

• occur in water and soil

• primitive….no partitions

• can produce flagellated cells

• oogametes

mucoromycota

• contribute to an infectious disease

• primitive, no partitions

• reproduce sexually and asexually

• hyphae are clear. pigment is in the spores

• parasites to plants and cyanobacterial partners

ascomycota

• advanced, have partitions

• simple pores

• one nuclei per compartment

• to sexually reproduce, they must produce a mushroom

ascomycetes

• in water, they are looking for the dead things at the bottom of the river

• yeasts, lichen, cup fungi, morel mushrooms

basidiomycetes

• have partitions! this means advanced

• has complex pores

• every compartment must have two nuclei

• clamp connection

• needs lots of water to create the cap of the mushroom

• forms fairy rings

• some are bioluminescent

decomposition

• largest role for fungi

• biopolymer that gives wood its strength

• break down organic compounds into water and CO2

nematophagous fungi

• has nematodes

entomorphagous fungi

• invades a host and germinated inside of it

• spread through spores

• the theme for “the last of us” show

wheat rust

crop disease. typically produce specialized cells called haustoria.

white nose syndrome

picked up on hikers boots. big affect on bats.

dimorphic fungi

• more prevalent since global warming

• airborne fungi...inhale yeast form

dimorphic diseases

• Blastomyces dermatidis —> blastomycosis

• Coccidia imunis —> coccidiomycosis

• Histoplasmosis capsulatum —→ histoplasmosis

fungal endophytes

sour so that herbivores dont feed on them.

lichen

• very sensitive to pollution

• can live for over 4,000 years

• soredia - algae wrapped in hypha

mycorrhizae

Mycorrhizae are beneficial fungi that attach to plant roots to form a team. The fungus acts as a massive extension of the plant's roots, seeking out water and nutrients, while the plant repays the fungus by providing food (sugars) made during photosynthesis. symbiotic relationship.

land plants is the supergroup

plants come from green algae

all land plants develop through

sporic lifecycles

bryophytes

lack plumbing.

streptophyte green algae

• photosynthetic pigments

• chlorophylls a an b

• cartoene accessory pigments

• stores things in starch

• has plasmodesmatas

• zygotic life cycle

liverwarts

• hepatophyta

hornworts

anthoceratophyta

mosses

byrophyta

lycophytes

lycopodiophyta

pteriophytes

pteriophyta

cycads

cycadophyta

ginkoges

ginkgophyta

conifers

coniferophyta

angiospersm