MBBS Anatomy 1st Professional Exam 2024 Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering MBBS 1st Professional Exam topics in Anatomy, including neuroanatomy, embryology, thorax, and general histology based on the provided lecture transcript.

Frontal prominence

An embryonic prominence that forms the forehead and part of the nose during facial development.

Dangerous Area of the Face

The area comprising the lower part of the nose and upper lip because its valveless veins communicate directly with the cavernous sinus.

Perilymph

The fluid high in $\text{sodium ions}$ that fills the space between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.

Endolymph

The fluid high in $\text{potassium ions}$ that fills the membranous labyrinth and is essential for hair cell function in the cochlea and vestibular apparatus.

Organ of Corti

The structure located within the cochlea of the membranous labyrinth responsible for the transduction of sound waves into electrical signals.

Ankyloglossia

Commonly known as tongue-tie, a congenital condition where the frenulum linguae is too short, restricting the range of movement of the tongue.

Waldeyer lymphatic ring

A ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx formed by the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), tubal tonsils, palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsil.

Kiesselbach's Plexus

A vascular plexus in the anterior nasal septum formed by the anastomosis of the sphenopalatine, anterior ethmoidal, and greater palatine arteries; a frequent site for epistaxis.

Watershed Line (Larynx)

An imaginary line dividing the larynx into two lymphatic drainage areas; the region above drains to upper deep cervical nodes, while the region below drains to lower deep cervical nodes.

Arbor vitae

The tree-like branching pattern of white matter observed on the cut surface of the cerebellar cortex.

Interventricular Foramen (of Monro)

The opening that connects each lateral ventricle to the third ventricle within the brain's ventricular system.

Cerebral Aqueduct

The narrow canal that connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle.

Circle of Willis

A collateral circulatory network at the base of the brain formed by the internal carotid, basilar, and anterior and posterior communicating arteries.

Broca's Area

A motor speech area located in the inferior frontal gyrus, responsible for the production of speech; lesions result in expressive aphasia.

Wernicke's Area

A sensory speech area located in the superior temporal gyrus, responsible for language comprehension; lesions result in receptive aphasia.

Sinusoidal Capillary

A specialized capillary with a discontinuous endothelium, large fenestrations, and an often absent basement membrane; found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

Portal Circulation

A system of circulation where blood passes through two distinct capillary beds connected by a portal vein before returning to the heart.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, consisting of a single layer of cells containing stem cells that continuously divide to produce new keratinocytes.

Barr body

An inactive X chromosome found in the cells of female mammals, which is absent in normal males who possess only one X chromosome.

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A condition caused by hemisection of the spinal cord, resulting in ipsilateral loss of motor function and proprioception, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.

Phrenic Nerve

The nerve that provides motor innervation to the diaphragm, allowing for respiratory movements.

Caval Opening

An opening in the central tendon of the diaphragm located at the level of $T_8$ that transmits the inferior vena cava.

Esophageal Hiatus

An opening in the muscular part of the diaphragm at the level of $T_{10}$ that transmits the esophagus and vagus nerves.

Aortic Hiatus

An opening located posterior to the diaphragm at the level of $T_{12}$ that transmits the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein.

Papilledema

The swelling of the optic disc typically caused by increased intracranial pressure.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleural membranes surrounding the lungs, which causes roughening of the surfaces and pain during respiration.

Mastoid Process

A bony prominence of the temporal bone that is classified as a traction epiphysis because it develops in response to the pull of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Sella turcica

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

Glabella

The smooth, slightly depressed area of the frontal bone located between the eyebrows.

Nissl granules

Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum ($RER$) in the neuronal cell body and dendrites responsible for protein synthesis.