History Midterm

Why did Gabriel's conspiracy fail?

Two enslaved men revealed the plot to their master

What was the primary consequence of the War of 1812?

Boost in American nationalism

All of the following are true about the Haitian revolution except?

Napoleon's support proved essential in success of the Haitian revolution

What was the primary purpose of the Hartford Convention?

Gather leaders of the Federalist party to propose changes to the Consitiution

Thomas Jefferson, in Notes onthe State of Virginia, argued for polygenesis. What is Polygenesis?

The belief that African people descended people were created seperately from European descended peoples

All of the following were contributing causes of the War of 1812 except?

Success of the Embargo of 1807

Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of most of the founding fathers as it relates to pure democracy?

Believed it was dangerous

What proved to be the most effective unifying force for the Indians who followed Tehcumseh

Spirituality

Which of the following was a key goal for president Jefferson?

Reduce the size of the federal government

Tecumseh ultimately built alliances that stretched from canada to georgia, but from where did he launch his movement?

Indiana

What is the term for the early american belief that women were essential in nurturing the principles of liberty in citizenry?

Republican Motherhood

What is the Play-off system

The ability of Native Americans to manipulate rivalries between European powers for their own advantage

All of the following motivated Napoleon to sell the Louisiana territory except

The French and American alliance against the Spanish

Which of the following best describes Thomas Jefferson's policy of peaceable coercion?

Attempt to use a trade embargo to force Europeans to respect American navy

Which of the following best describes Thomas Jefferson's relationship with the American Military?

He distrusted the military and dramatically cut its budget and manpower

Shay's Rebellion

A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings.

Articles of Confederation weakness

Left federal government with no way to raise revenue

Daniel Shays

Head of Shay's Rebellion; he and several other angry farmers violently protested against debtor's jail; eventually crushed; aided in the creation of constitution because land owners now wanted to preserve what was theirs from "mobocracy"

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Spirit of 1776

Kind of ideology and liberty that caused protests and rebelliousness similar to that of beginning of Revolution

Virginia Plan

Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

George Mason

American Revolutionary leader from Virginia whose objections led to the drafting of the Bill of Rights (1725-1792)

Federalist Papers

Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power.

Dirty Compromise

a compromise provision that protected the foreign slave trade for 20 years
in exchange--> South Carolina and Georgia delegates had agreed to support a constitutional clause that made it easier for Congress to pass commercial legislative (to satisfy the Northern states)
-As a result, the Atlantic slave trade lasted until 1808

Haitian Revolution

A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

John Jay

United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829)

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Edmond Genet

French diplomat sent to the United States to recruit American volunteers to attack British ships

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Alien Act

1798 (JA), gave president authority to deport individuals whom he considered threat to US

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amednment.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Disestablishment

a period during which the political influence of established religions is successfully challenged

Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800)

The Election of 1800 was the first peaceful transition of power from one party to another. Politics had become more partisan between the Federalists, led by President John Adams, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson, who had been opponents in the previous election

John Locke

Political philosopher who wrote treatises on rationalism and education. Was a notable proponent of social contract theory that challenged traditional ideas of government and authority.

Stamp Act

Passed by Parliament in 1765, this act required a duty (tax) be paid on printed documents such as newspapers, pamphlets, and legal documents. Was different from previous types of taxes because directly ("internally") taxed colonists and thus resulted in massive protests in the colonies.

Townshend Acts

Series of revenue-raising acts passed in 1767 that created new duties (taxes) on goods such as lead, glass, paint, and tea. These taxes would pay the salaries of royal officials who had previously been paid by the colonial assemblies. Created sweeping resistance measures in the colonies.

Homespun

Refers to the homespun clothing that women began producing and wearing during the period of protest against British taxation leading up to the American Revolution. Illustrates the involvement of women in resistance movements like nonimportation and nonconsumption.

Coercive Acts

Collection of laws (aka the "Intolerable Acts") that closed Boston's harbor, put the government of Massachusetts under British control, dismantled the power of Massachusetts' courts to try royal officials, and allowed British soldiers' to be quartered in colonists' homes. Were issued in response to colonial unrest in Massachusetts and elsewhere in 1774.

Continental Congress

Organization of delegates from across the colonies designed to coordinate a response to the increasing hostility between colonists and British officials. Helped establish a system of coercive Committees of Inspection to enforce colonial boycotts of British goods.

Common Sense

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine denouncing monarchy and encouraging colonial independence from the British empire. Helped open dialogues about political philosophy across all classes.

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

Issued by the royal governor of Virginia in 1775, this proclamation declared martial law to be in effect and offered freedom to "all indentured servants, Negros, and others" if they escaped their masters and joined the British. Led to widespread emancipation (at least temporarily) as enslaved peoples self-liberated to join the British in the fight against the colonial rebellion. Note: many folks promised their freedom did not receive it in the long-term.

Articles of Confederation

Drafted in 1777 (ratified in 1781), these articles formally organized the form of government among the states after they declared independence from Britain. Each state was allocated one vote in Congress, but failed to give the Continental Congress the power to tax, establish a federal judiciary, or regulate commerce (meaning it created a federal government that was so weak that it could not effectively operate).

Loyalist

Term referring to a person who remained committed to the British Empire during the Revolution. Somewhere in the neighborhood of 20% of the white population (and a substantially larger population of enslaved African Americans) maintained loyalty to Great Britain for a variety of political, economic, security, or personal reasons. Tens of thousands of these people would be forced from their homes following the conclusion of the War.

Consumer Revolution

When colonists were able to regularly buy their tools, clothes, and utensils rather than making it themselves. Average person's ability to spend money on consumer goods became a sign of their respectability.

Currency Acts 1751, 1764

Passed by Board of Trade restricting uses of paper money and forbade the colonies from issuing currency. Trade between colonies was greatly hampered.

Sugar Act of 1764

The first act that Parliament passed that raised taxes on the colonies. Indirect tax on imported foods from the West Indies. Colonists became so angry that Parliament lowered the duties.

Stamp Act

an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

Townshend Acts

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

Primogeniture

When a family's estate would descend to the oldest male heir

entail

A legal procedure that prevented the breakup and sale of estates

Virginia Laws

Kept wealth consolidated. Guaranteed that large planters would dominate social and economic life. Fostered economy dominated by tobacco. Regulated slaves to maximize profits.

James Oglethorpe

Founded Georgia. Originally banned slavery.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina

Written by John Locke, The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land, but it was never put into effect.

Task System

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Gang System of Labor

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations. Led by a white slave "driver" that often used violence for motivation.

Low Country Slavery

Carolinas. Less supervision due to owners leaving to avoid risk of malaria on rice plantations. Unparalleled amount of autonomy compared to slaves in other areas. Enabled a slave culture that retained many African practices.

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave uprising in the mainland colonies in South Carolina in 1739. Slaves attempted to march to Spanish Florida for their freedom.

Fort Mose, Florida

A free black settlement on Georgia-Florida border.

Quakers and slavery

Were first group to turn against slavery. Slave owners were disowned and could be expelled for their meetings.

Difference in Colonial Politics v Modern Politics

Lack of distinct, stable political parties. Caused rise of various interest groups based on class distinctions, ethnic ties, and religious ties.

3 Main Categories of Political Structures

Provincial, proprietary, and charter.

pronvincial colonies

Tightly controlled by Crown. British King appointed all provincial governors. Crown governors could veto any decision made their colony's legislative assemblies.

Proprietary Colony

Key difference from provincial colonies- governors were appointed by a lord Proprietors, an individual who purchased or received the rights from the Crown. Therefore had more freedoms and liberties.

Charter Colonies

Most complex system. Formed by political corporations or interest groups. Drew up a charter clearly designating powers of executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government. Rather than appointed governors, charter colonies elected their own from property-owning men in the colony.

council

Essentially the governor's cabinet. Often composed of prominent individuals of the colony. Governor appointed these men. Appointees were often subject to approval from Parliament.

assembly

Composed of elected, property owning men whose official goal was to ensure Colonial law conformed to English law. Approved new taxes and budgets. Many saw it their duty to check the power of governor.

civic duty

The notion that men had a responsibility to support and uphold the government through voting, paying taxes, and service in the militia.

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

philosophers that contributed greatly towards the development of the Social Contract Theory/the notion of civic duty

Sentementalism

Contemporary literature movement. Created new ideas of romantic love. Americans began to view marriage as an emotionally fulfilling relationship v strictly economic partnership.

Coverture

Women lost all their political and economic rights to their husband.

Elopement Notices

Newspaper advertisements by deserted men and women denouncing their partners and catalogued misbehavior.

Print Culture

a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own

The Eliot Bible

John Eliot was a Puritan missionary who translated the Bible into Algonquian and first published this translation in 1663.

Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s

Early Piety

Sermon that was printed and distributed. By Increase Mather. Talked about how faith had suffered. Contributed to religious revival known as Great Awakening.

John Edwards

Preacher in New England who helped set off the Great Awakening. Puritan theologian.

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

One of Jonathan Edwards' most famous sermons, which warned listeners of Hell

George Whitehead

Famous preacher. Made revivals popular.

New Lights/Old Lights

The "New Lights" were new religious movements formed during the Great Awakening and broke away from the congregational church in New England. The "Old Lights" were the established congregational church.

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Society for Propagation of the Gospel/Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge

Missionary groups founded to evangelize Native Americans and limit Jesuit conversions

Neolin

A Native American religious prophet who, by preaching pan-Indian unity and rejection of European technology and commerce, helped inspire Pontiac's Rebellion. Said he received a vision from his deity, The Master of Life. Deity told him the only way to enter heaven would be by expelling the British from Indian country.

Pontiac's War

conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

Pontiac

famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

Jeffrey Amherst

British General that held the Indians in contempt and discontinued the supplying of them

William Johnson

British diplomat that negotiated peace with Pontiac

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. Marked Appalachian Mountains boundary between Indian country and British colonies.

Crevecoeur

In Letters of an American Farmer, he praised life in America and, for the first time, explained what it meant to be an American.

Stamp Act Congress (1765)

27 delegates from 9 colonies met from October 7-24, 1765, and drew up a list of declarations and petitions against the new taxes imposed on the colonies.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Three Sisters

corn, beans, squash

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Cahokia

an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.