HISTORY CHATPER 2

Nathan Hale

Patriot spy executed by the British; famous for his last words, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

Francis Marion

Known as the 'Swamp Fox,' a guerrilla leader in the South who used unconventional tactics against British forces.

John Adams

Advocate for independence, key figure in the Continental Congress, and later the second President of the United States.

Paul Revere

Silversmith and patriot remembered for his midnight ride to warn colonists of British troop movements.

Reasons for New Taxes

The English Parliament imposed taxes to help pay for debts incurred during the French and Indian War and to maintain British troops in North America.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against the Tea Act where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor to oppose taxation without representation.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War; marked the 'shot heard 'round the world.'

Boston Massacre

Conflict between British soldiers and Boston colonists that resulted in the deaths of five colonists; fueled anti-British sentiment.

Stamp Act

A tax on all printed materials, leading to widespread protests and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.

Colonial Identity

The first colonists to die in the war viewed themselves as good Englishmen, loyal to the Crown, and felt their grievances were against specific policies rather than British rule as a whole.

Galloway Union Plan

A proposal by Joseph for a unified colonial government that would work alongside Parliament; ultimately rejected.

Hobbes

Advocated for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and maintain order.

Locke

Emphasized natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the social contract, arguing that government should protect these rights.

Hessians

German mercenaries hired by the British to fight against the American revolutionaries.

Loyalists

Approximately 20-30% of the American population; loyal to the British Crown and opposed independence.

Patriots

Approximately 40-45% of the population; sought independence from British rule.

Death in War

Disease and infections caused the most deaths, with an estimated 25,000 American soldiers killed in battle.

Role of Women

Women contributed by managing farms and businesses, supporting the war effort, and some even fought or served as spies.

Olive Branch Petition

A final attempt by the colonists to avoid war; it was rejected by King George III, prompting Congress to push for independence.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Early battle that demonstrated colonial resolve despite British victory.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the war that convinced France to ally with the colonists.

Battle of Yorktown

Final major battle where British General Cornwallis surrendered, leading to the end of the war.

Newburgh Conspiracy

A plan by Continental Army officers to challenge Congress over pay and pensions; ultimately diffused by Washington's intervention.

1787 Philadelphia Meeting

Convened to address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation; agreed to draft a new Constitution.

James Madison

Known as the 'Father of the Constitution' for his pivotal role in its drafting and promotion.

3/5's Compromise

Slaves counted as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

Virginia Plan

Proposed a strong national government with a bicameral legislature based on population.

Connecticut Compromise/Great Compromise

Established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state.

Bill of Rights

Created to appease Anti-Federalists by ensuring the protection of individual liberties and states' rights.

Federalists

Supported a strong central government and the Constitution; believed it was necessary for national stability.

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the Constitution fearing it would erode state rights and individual freedoms.

Betsy Ross

Allegedly sewed the first American flag.

Billy Lee

George Washington's enslaved servant and trusted aide.

Margaret Corbin

First woman to receive a military pension for her service during the war.

Benedict Arnold

Initially a patriot, later became infamous for betraying the Continental Army.

Phyllis Wheatley

The first published African American female poet; wrote about freedom and liberty.

John Paul Jones

Naval commander known for his victory against British ships.

Abigail Adams

Advocate for women's rights; famously urged her husband to 'remember the ladies.'

Salem Poor

Enslaved African American who fought bravely in the war.

Thomas Paine

Author of 'Common Sense,' which encouraged independence from Britain.

Molly Pitcher

Nickname for women who fought in battles; known for bringing water to soldiers.

Lafayette

French general who played a crucial role in the American Revolution.

Baron Von Steuben

Prussian military officer who trained American troops.

Rochambeau

French general who helped secure victory at Yorktown.

Pulaski

Polish nobleman who contributed to the American military.

Washington Resigning His Commission

Symbolized the supremacy of civilian control over the military and set a precedent for future leaders.

History of 'Yankee Doodle'

Originally a British song, it became a patriotic American anthem during the Revolution.

Positive Aspect of the Articles of Confederation

Successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris, ending the Revolutionary War.

Weaknesses of the Articles

Lacked a strong central government, could not levy taxes, and was ineffective in regulating commerce.

Declaration of Independence Date

July 4, 1776.

Important Battles

Saratoga: Gained French support. Yorktown: Led to British surrender. Bunker Hill: Boosted American morale despite a loss. Lexington and Concord: Initiated armed conflict. Trenton: Boosted American spirits through a surprise victory.

If I Were a Loyalist

Loyalty to the Crown: Believed in British governance and felt it provided stability. Fear of Instability: Worried that independence would lead to chaos. Economic Ties: Depended on British trade and financial stability. Cultural Identity: Identified more with British culture than a nascent American identity. Belief in Legal Processes: Preferred reform over rebellion, trusting in British legal frameworks.

If I Were a Patriot

Desire for Independence: Strongly believed in the need for self-rule. Natural Rights Philosophy: Advocated for the protection of individual rights. Taxation without Representation: Opposed unfair taxes imposed by Parliament without colonial input. Support for a New Government: Favored a government that represented the will of the people. Sense of Community: Valued the unification of colonists against common grievances.