Chapter 10 Taxonomy: Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi

10 million

Scientists figure there are about ____ different species living on earth

Phylogeny

the evolutionary history of a species

Taxonomy

Identifying and naming organisms

Taxon

particular level in the classification

Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo sapiens.

Humans are officially

Binomial nomenclature

2 name system that is unique for each organism; genus and species; scientific name; Homo sapiens, Felis catus.

Genus

always capitalized and italicized, sometimes abbreviated. Need to underline on test 

Species

always italicized, but never capitalized or abbreviated; Need to underline on test

Archaea, Bacteria, Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

7 kingdoms

Algae

eukaryotic; can be one celled or multicellular

Viruses

very small, nonliving infectious agents; must reproduce inside a host

Prions

disease causing infectious proteins

Kingdom Archaea

prokaryotic; one celled; ancient bacteria that live in extreme conditions.

Methanogens

convert carbon dioxide into methane gas

Halophiles

like high salt concentrations

Kingdom Bacteria

prokaryotic; one celled; bacteria that live in normal conditions.

Bacteria

bigger than viruses, smaller than eukaryotic cells; DNA is hereditary material; can live on their own; E. coli

Phylum Firmicutes 

bacteria that have a thick cell wall; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus anthracis.

Staphylococcus aureus

can cause pimples, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, or no problems at all.

Streptococcus pyogenes 

can cause strep throat, rheumatic fever, or necrotizing fasciitis (flesh eating disease).

Bacillus anthracis

causes anthrax, which is spread through the bacterium’s endospores.

Phylum Proteobacteria

bacteria with a thin cell wall; E. coli.

Escherichia coli

commonly found in the large intestine of many animals; can cause urinary tract infections, food poisoning, traveler’s diarrhea.

Phylum Cyanobacteria

comprised of photosynthetic bacteria; Nostoc.

Nostoc

 a common cyanobacteria that is often found in chains.

Kingdom Protozoa

eukaryotic; one celled.

Phylum Euglenozoa

 consists of eukaryotic protozoans that have flagella; euglena, Trypanosoma brucei.

Euglena

has two flagella, chloroplasts, and an eyespot.

Trypanosoma brucei

causes African sleeping sickness.

Phylum Amoebozoa

contains eukaryotic protozoans that have pseudopodia; Amoeba proteus.

Amoeba proteus

giant amoeba often found in freshwater pools, streams, and lakes.

Phylum Metamonada

includes eukaryotic protozoans that lack mitochondria and have four flagella; Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis

the protozoan that causes trichomoniasis.

Kingdom Chromista

eukaryotic; one celled or many celled; use chlorophyll c; paramecium, brown algae.

Phylum Ciliophora

have cilia; Paramecium caudatum.

Paramecium caudatum

a slipper shaped ciliate that feeds on bacteria, yeast, and algae.

Phylum Apicomplexa

 contains one-celled eukaryotic, spore forming parasites which do not have cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia; Plasmodium vivax.

Plasmodium vivax

causes malaria.

Phylum Ochrophyta

comprised of one-celled and multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that have two unequal sized flagella; diatoms, fucus, kelp.

Diatoms

one-celled organisms with a silica shell.

Fucus

a small brown algae found on rocky seashores worldwide.

Kelp

a large brown algae that grows in “underwater forests” in shallow ocean waters.

Kingdom Fungi

eukaryotic, multicellular, nonphotosynthetic; most get energy from dead or decaying organisms; have filamentous bodies.

Hyphae

single elongated cell.

Mycelium

interwoven mass of lots of hyphae.

Fruiting body

reproductive structure growing above surface; mushroom cap, mold on bread.

Saprobe

an organism that gets its energy from dead or decaying organisms; mushrooms.

Parasite

an organism that harms another organism; athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm.

feet, genitals, anywhere else

Athlete's foot is a fungus growing on your ___.  Jock itch is the same fungus on your ___.  Ringworm is the fungus just about _____.

Benefits of fungi

1. Edible

2. Decompose dead organisms

3. Can be used to control a variety of pests

4. Used to make antibodies (penicillin)

5. Used to make many foods

Phylum Ascomycota

sac fungi surrounding 8 spores; Penicillium chrysogenum, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Penicillium chrysogenum 

the mold that makes the antibiotic penicillin, which can kill many Gram-positive bacteria.

Candida albicans

the yeast that causes vaginal yeast infections and a mouth infection called thrush.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 

yeast used to make bread, beer, and wine.

Phylum Zygomycota

 produce zygospores; includes black bread mold or Rhizopus stolonifer.

Zygospores

sexual reproduction; 2 haploid spores fuse to create a diploid spore which undergoes meiosis to make more haploid spores.

Rhizopus stolonifer

black bread mold which will decompose bread and other stored foods.

Phylum Basidiomycota

contains fungi that produce four spores on a club shaped projection called a basidia; mushrooms like Agaricus bisporus.

Agaricus bisporus

portobello mushroom.