CHC: Specific cancers

gastrointestinal tract cancer

•May involve any part of gastrointestinal (GI) tract or accessory organs

•Management: often involves removal or major resection of organs involved.

-Mouth

-Esophagus

-Stomach

-Small and large intestines

-Liver

Larynx cancer

•Smoking and alcohol two leading risk factors; synergistic in their effects.

Management: irradiation, surgery, combination of the two

Laryngectomy

removal of larynx completely

breathing through the neck

Tracheostomy

permanent opening in neck and trachea

opening is called a stoma

Functional implications of laryngectomy

Can permanently alter physical, psychological, social, emotional, nutritional, communicative functioning

potential for voice rehabilitation

Lung cancer cause

85%-90% assocated with cigarette smoking

How lung cancer is identified

chest x-ray, CT scan, bronchoscopy

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

slower growing and accounts for most lung cancers

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)

noted for its aggressive growth and early metastasis

frequent site of urinary tract cancer

bladder

Superficial urinary tract cancer

cancer confined to lining of bladder; managed with surgery and chemotherapy

Invasive urinary tract cancer

cancer penetrated other tissues; entire bladder removed (cystectomy)

Primary vs metastatic kidney cancer

originates in the kindey

vs

movement to rest of body

degree/type of malignant brain tumor depends on...

-Type of cancer

-Its size

-Its location within brain

-Residual effects from surgery

(T/F) Cancers less often in spinal cord than in brain

true

Lymphomas

Cancer of cells in immune system

Hodgkin's lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease)

-Characteristic neoplastic cell (Reed-Sternberg)

-Malignant, chronic, progressive condition

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

-Proliferation of abnormal lymph cells

-Various types classified according to cell origin

Multiple Myeloma

•Uncontrolled replication of irregular plasma cells.

•Slowly progressive cancer.

•Leads to destruction of bone marrow and extends into bone.

•Anemia, bone pain, pathologic fractures

Acute Leukemia

Abnormal proliferation of cells that normally become mature peripheral blood cells

Chronic Leukemia

-Chronic myelogenous leukemia

-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Breast cancer interventions

local, regional, systemic

- mastectomy

- radical mastectomy

- lumpectomy

- segmental mastectomy

- breast reconstruction

Mastectomy

total breast removed

Radial mastectomy

entire breast and underlying tissue removed

Lumpectomy

removal of cancerous lesion

(known as partial mastectomy)

Segmental mastectomy

removal of quadrant of breast

(partial mastectomy)

Types of gynecologic cancer

-Ovarian

-Endometrial

-Cervix

-External genitalia or vagina

Prostate cancer

-Gland that surrounds urethra in males.

-Screening: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (blood test).

-Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).

Tesicular cancer

-Testicular cancer relatively rare.

-Management: orchiectomy (removal of testis) and/or chemotherapy

Skin cancer risk factor

overexposure to sun

personal implications of cancer

-Identification: overwhelming, leading to feelings of anxiety, fear, helplessness.

-Interventions may be disfiguring and affect body image.

-Coping with cancer not static; a dynamic process.

-Extent to which affects everyday activities depends on type and location and management.

-Effects on sexuality differ from person to person

vocational issues in cancer

-barriers to employment may be attitudes of employers and fellow workers

- Vocational planning requires awareness of attitudes and prejudice

- Importance of short-term versus long-term planning should be considered