a&p ch 4: tissues

what are the steps to prepare a tissue slide? (3 steps)

fixed; tissue is preserved

sectioned; tissue is cut into thin slices

stained; staining the tissue with either dyes or heavy metal salts

what is epithelial tissue (epithelium)

sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity

what are the 2 main epithelium forms

covering and lining

glandular

what is covering and lining epithelium

forms the outer layers of the skin, lines open cavities and covers organ walls
eg; skin, urogenital, digestive and respiratory

what is glandular epithelium

forms the glands of the body
eg; salivary glands

what is the function of the epithelium

protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion and sensory reception

what is polarity in the epithelium cells

there is a top and bottom

the apical surface is exposed to the outside / cavity

the basal surface is facing the inside of the body (lower layer of skin eg.)

what is specialized contacts in epithelium

epithelial tissue has to fir close together

includes tight junctions and desmosomes to keep them tight to other cells

what does supported by connective tissue mean in epithelial tissue

epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue underneath.

has the reticular lamina and basement membrane.

how does cancer cells spread?

by breaking through the basement layer boundary and spreading all around the underlying tissues, which spreads the cancer around.

what is being avascular but innervated mean in epithelial tissues

no blood vessels are in the epithelium; must be given nutrition by diffusion from connective tissues

what is regeneration in epithelial tissue

epithelial cells can regenerate very fast

some cells are regularly damaged or under stress and friction and need to be quickly replaced.

what is simple epithelial tissue

single layer where thin layers are deseriable

what is stratified epithelia

has two or more cell layers

located in high abrasion areas such as mouth lining

what does squamous cells look like

flat and scale like

what does cuboidal cells look like

cube shaped, boxy

what does a columnar cell look like

tall, rectangular, column shape

what processes are simple epithelia involved in

absorption, secretion or filtration

what are characteristics of simple squamous epithelium

cells are flattened, sparse cytoplasm

what kind of tissue is this

simple squamous

where is simple squamous tissue located

lung air sacs, heart lining, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels,

what is the function of simple squamous tissue

allows for materials to pass by diffusion and filtration where protection is not needed

secretes lubricating substance in body linings

what is the function of simple cuboidal tissue

secretion and absorption

where is simple cuboidal tissue found

kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of smaller glands, ovary surface

what is the function of simple columnar tissue

absorption, secretion of mucous, enzymes and other substances.

cillia columnar cells move mucous by cillary action.

where is columnar tissue found

digestive track (intestines, gallbladder, stomach)
uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus

what is pseudostratified columnar tissue

cells are multilayered and stratified and most are ciliated

still a single layer epithelium through it is thicker.

what tissue is this

simple cuboidal

what tissue is this

simple columnar

what tissue is this

pseudostratified columnar

what is the function of pseudostratified columnar tissue

secrete substances, mainly mucous and is moved by cillary action

where is pseudostratified columnar tissue located

in the trachea, upper respiratory tract
nonciliated located in sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands

what is stratified suamous epithelium

two or more layers of cells, with squamous cells being at the top and cuboidal or columnar cells as it gets deeper.

basal cells divide and move upwards towards the tissue surface

what tissue is this

stratified squamous

where is stratified squamous tissue located

non-kreatinized type in moist linings in the esophagus, mouth and uterus.

kreatinized form is found in the epidermis of the skin.

what is transitional epithelium

visually looks like stratified squamous cuboidal or columnar cells, depending on the organ and its stretch.

what is the function of transitional tissue

stretches rapidly, permits urine to store in the bladder and distends the urinary organ

where is transitional tissue located

in the uterus, bladder and part of the urethera

what tissue is this

transitional tissue

what is a gland

one or more cells that make and secrete fluids

what is endocrine glands

ductless

secretions are released into the surrounding fluid, which is then picked up by the circulatory system

what is exocrine glads

secretions are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities

eg. oil glands onto skin, or saliva into the mouth

what is a goblet cell

mucous producer, found in linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts

what is mucin

sugar protein that can dissolve in water to form mucus

simple vs compound exocrine glands…. (structure)

simple has no branches

compound has branches

secretory units are either… (shapes)

tube shaped

sac shaped

both tube and sac shapes

what is merocrine (secretion mode)

secrete products by exocytosis as secretions are produced

eg, sweat, saliva

what is holocrine secretion mode

accumulate products within the cell, and then ruptures

will be replaced by cell division below

eg; oil glands

what is apocrine secretion mode

accumulate products within the cell, but will not rupture the cell, only the apex

cell repairs the damage caused by apex rupture

what is connective tissue

most abundant widely distributed tissue

function of connective tissue

binding, support, protection, insulating and transporting

what are the 4 main classes of connective tissue

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

blood

what is 2 characteristics of connective tissue that sets them apart

extracellular matrix

mesenchyme

what is the extracellular matrix

nonliving portion of connective tissue which living cells are suspended in

3 main components of connective tissue

ground substance

fibers

cells

what is ground substance in connective tissue

unstructured gel substance that fills space between cells

what do connective tissue fibers provide

support

what do collagen fibers do

tough, provides strength

what do elastic fibers do

allowing for stretch and recoil

what do reticular fibers do

offer more “give” than the other fiber types

what is a blast cell

immature form of cell that secrete ground substance and matrix fibers

what is a cyte celll

mature form of cell that maintains health of the matrix, can revert to a blast to repair and regen the matrix

what is a adipocyte

store energy as fat

what is a mast cell

mediate inflammation

what is a macrophage

breakdown foreign materials and dead cells

can be on connective tissue or migrate through matrix freely

what kind of tissue is this

areolar

what is the function of areolar tissue

wraps and cushions organs, has macrophages

controls inflammation

where is areolar tissue located

under epithelial tissue

surrounds capillaries

what is the function of adipose tissue

acts a reserve for food fuel

insulates against heat

supports and protects organs

where is adipose tissue located

in breasts

around kidneys and eyeballs

in the abdomen

what kind of connective tissue is this

adipose tissue

what kind of tissue is this

reticular

what is the function of reticular tissue

fibers form a soft skeleton for other cell types

where is reticular tissue located

lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen

what is the function of dense regular tissue

attaches muscle to bone or bone to muscle

attaches bone to bone

what is dense tissue

high strength tissue, can withstand stretching and tension

close packed collagen fibers that run parallel to the pull direction

what kind of tissue is this

dense regular

where is dense regular tissue located

tendons

ligaments

what kind of tissue is this

dense irregular

what is dense irregular tissue

fibroblasts around

irregular shaped collagen fibers

function of dense irregular tissue

withstand tension exerted in many directions

provides structural strength

dense irregular tissue location

fiber capsules of joins and organs

dermis of the skin

what kind of tissue is this

dense elastic

function of dense elastic tissue

allows for recoil after stretching

maintains blood pulse

location of dense elastic tissue

in walls of large arteries

certain ligaments in the vertebral column

walls of the bronch tubes

what is cartilage

tough and flexible material that lacks nerves

avascular but gets nutrients from surrounding membranes

3 types of cartilage

hyaline cartilage

elastic cartilage

fibrocartilage

what kind of tissue is this

hyaline cartilage

what is the function of hyaline cartilage

supports and reinforces

resilient cushion

resists stress

location of hyaline cartilage

embryonic skeleton

covers the ends of long bones in joints

cartilage of the nose, larynx and trachea

what kind of tissue is this (cartilage)

elastic cartilage

function of elastic cartilage

maintains shape of a structure

location of elastic cartilage

external ear shape

what kind of tissue is this (cartilage)

fibrocartilage

function of fibrocartilage

strength allows for it to absorb compression shocks

fibrocartilage location

between vertebrae discs

what is bone tissue

supports and protects body structure

blood synthesis

what tissue is this

bone

what tissue is this

blood

RBC

WBC

blood function

transports respiratory gas, nutrients and other substances