History Quiz 1

Abram (Abraham) enters Canaan (DATE)

Abram (Abraham) enters Canaan (DATE)

2090 BC

The Exodus from Egypt (DATE)

1446 BC

Chaldean/Babylonian Empire (DATE)

612-539 BC

Judah's 70-year captivity in Babylon (DATE)

605-536 BC

Persian Empire (began by Cyrus the Great, ended by Alexander) (DATE)

550-331 BC

Howard Carter

discovered King Tut's tomb

Zoroastrianism

would become the de-facto state religion of Persia (Iran)

Regnal dating

based off the reign of kings

Mesopotamia

meaning "the land between rivers", located in present day Iraq and Syria. Called the "cradle of civilization"

Fertile Crescent

includes Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Palestine

Far East

designate India and China

Civilization definition

a culture that has attained a high degree of complexity, characterized by urban life

Early Mesopotamian Life

Home -- swampy flood plain, subject to irregular flooding

Tigris/Euphrates area...

open to invasion and saw constant warfare

City-state

urban region and agricultural land under city control (Ur a leader)

Cuneiform

a writing system consisting of wedge marks on clay

Slavery

widespread, 40-50% of the population

Religion:

polytheism

Sargon I (Sargon the Great)

built the world's first substantial empire; stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean

Babylon

A city prominent under Hammurabi

Hammurabi

best known for his law code

Egypt

"the gift of the Nile"; one of the longest-lasting civilizations in history; devised the first solar calendar

The Nile...

rose and fell with precision, "black silt" left behind

Pharaoh

believed to be both a man and a god

Pyramid

a burial chamber for the pharaohs

Who was mummified?

at first it was pharaohs, then anyone that could afford it, animals (cats), etc.

Rosetta Stone

contains Egyptian hieroglyphics, Egyptian demotic, and Greek

Old Kingdom Period (Egypt)

age of pyramids reaches zenith at Giza; enormous expenditure on pyramids led to its decline

the Hyskos

overthrown in a national uprising

Hatshepsut

1st female pharaoh

Amenhotep II and Akhenaton

pharaohs

King Tutenkhamen

"King Tut"; his tomb escaped looting and was found largely intact

The United Kingdom of Israel's First Three Kings

Saul, David, Solomon

(After Division) Israel

10 Northern tribes identified with Samaria, conquered by the Assyrians

(After Division) Judah

2 Southern tribes identified with Jerusalem, conquered by the Babylonians

Celt

West European peoples during the Iron Age

Hittites

from Asia Minor; alleged to be an example of "error" in the Bible, but archaeology confirmed Biblical references. Had iron weapons and used formal treaties. Historians practiced revisionism

Phoenicians (Canaanites)

The Mediterranean's greatest traders, navigators, shipbuilders, and colonizers; their most popular export: cloth dyed purple

Aramaeans

dominated camel caravan trade. Their language (Aramaic) became the international language of the Near East

Assyrian

militaristic & cruel people, ruled by terror, deported the "10 lost tribes" of Israel

Chaldeans (Babylonians)

joined with the Medes to overthrow the Assyrians

Persia

located in modern Iran -- their empire will be massive. had a "royal highway"

Cyrus the Great

one of the "greatest conquerors in the history of the ancient Near East"

Epic of Gilgamesh

written before Genesis

2000-1200 BC

Aegean Age: Minoans, Mycenaeans, Dorians

1150-750 BC

Greek "Dark Ages"

750-323 BC

Hellenic Age: city-states emerge - encompasses the Greek "Golden Age"

431-434 BC

The Peloponnesian War(s)

323-27 BC

The Hellenistic Age: "Greek-like" - after Alexander to Augustus

demagoguery

selfish, unprincipled appeals to popular passions and prejudices

Parthenon

located in Athens

Aristocracy

ruled by the "best"

Monarchy

ruled by a monarch, a king or queen, may involve a royal family

Oligarchy

ruled by a few

Republic

ruled by elected leaders

Why are the Greeks important?

"Ideas"

Greek area:

the same as England or Alabama

greeks influenced by:

Mountains and Sea (few natural resources, led to colonization)

Polis

a major town with its surrounding territory

Minoan civilization

located on the island of Crete; commercialized agriculture appears, prosperous trade

Mycenaean civilization

located at Mycenae (Greek mainland)

The Greek Dark Ages

began after the destruction caused by a Dorian invasion

Persian Wars

Greeks defeated an invading Persian army at Marathon

Athens

a commercial and sea-faring community; practiced direct democracy (participation of all citizens: men with two Athenian parents). Their freedom had limits: dangerous politicians could be banished/exiled for 10 years: ostracism

Sparta

similar to modern totalitarian states. isolated and agricultural. slaves (helots) outnumbered citizens 10-1. slaves were in agriculture, craft, and domestic settings, so Spartans were free for "other" pursuits

Peloponnesian War

fought over who would control Greece. Athens vs Sparta (Sparta prevails)

Olympic Games

called for truces during the games. men only

Phillip II

King of Macedonia

Alexander the Great

Son of Phillip II, spread greek culture eastward during Hellenistic age/period

Hellenistic Age

spans c. 300 years from the death of Alexander until Ptolemaic Greece was defeated by Augustus at Actium

Upon Alexander's death...

empire was divided and given to four officers/generals

Ptolemaic Kingdom

Egypt

Seleucid Kingdom

Persian Empire

Antigonid Kingdom

Macedonia

Greek beliefs/traditions

moves from mythology to philosophy

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

led a countermovement grounded upon the notion that truth is real and discoverable

Epicureans

the finest pleasures are intellectual

stoics

the universe is controlled by something

Cleisthenes

founder of Athenian democracy

Pericles

Statesman who dominated Athens during the "Golden Age"

Protagoras

famous Sophist; "man is the measure of all things"

Socrates

taught by asking probing and penetrating questions. counseled "know yourself" and "the unexamined life is not worth living". sentenced to death by drinking hemlock

Plato

found the Academy in Athens to train the ruling class. "theory of reforms"

Aristotle

pupil of Plato, tutor to Alexander the Great. associated with elements of both deductive and inductive reading. laid down rules for syllogisms (a deductive scheme)