A&P 4

what does the skeletal system do?

bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and other connective tissue

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage

what is stored in the skeletal system?

calcium salts and energy (lipids in yellow marrow)

what is blood cell production called?

hematopoiesis

what is made in the red bone marrow?

red blood cells, white blood cells, and other blood components

how does the skeletal system provide protection?

surrounds soft tissue and organs

what do the ribs protect?

heart and lungs

what does the skull protect?

brain

what does the vertebrae support?

spinal cord

what does the pelvis suppirt?

reproductive organs

what type of tissue is bone?

osseous tissue

what are the specialized cells for bones?

osteocytes

what is the ground substance of bone?

calcium phosphate crystals (solid)

what are the fibers of bone?

collagen

what is the ratio of weight of bone (ground substance to fibers)?

2:1

what percent of your bone weight is osteocytes?

2%

what are the basic shapes of bones?

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones

where are long bones found?

arms and legs

what types of bones are longer than they are wide?

long bone

what type of bones are about equal in length and width?

short bone

where are short bones found?

wrists and ankles

what bones are thin and broad?

flat bones

Where are flat bones found?

skull, ribs, sternum, scapula

what are weird shaped bones?

irregular bones

where are irregular bones found?

vertebrae

as time goes red bone marrow turns into....

yellow bone marrow

what bones have red bone marrow?

spongy bone

what is the diaphysis?

central shaft of a long bone

what does the diaphysis surround?

central marrow cavity containing the bone marrow

what is the epiphyses?

expanded portions at each end of the long bone

what is epiphyses covered by?

articular cartilage

each epiphyses articulates with an \_____________

adjacent bone at a joint

where is red bone marrow going to be with?

spongy bone

what is the periosteum?

outer covering of dense connective fibers

how does the skeletal system provide leverage?

bones function as levers that are moved by skeletal muscles

where is spongy bone found?

epiphysis, pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, skull

how do tendons and ligaments attach to bone?

inserting into the periosteum either directly or indirectly at areas known as entheses

what does periosteum provide access for?

blood vessels and nerves

what is important in bone growth and repair?

periosteum

what does periosteum cover?

all bones except where articular cartilage is found on the ends of long bones

what does endosteum line?

the inner most cavity of the marrow cavity and spongy bone

what periosteum composed of?

fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

where are osteocytes found?

lacunae between lamellae

what do branches within the canaluculi do?

interlink the lacunae to each other and nearby blood vessels

what are osteons?

basic functional unit of compact bone

what shape are osteon?

column

how are osteocytes arranged?

in concentric lamellae around a central canal containing blood vessels

\__________ canals run horizontally to connect the \________ with those of the periosteum and the marrow cavity

perforating (volkmann), central (haversian)

what does spongy bone not have?

osteons

what do the lamellae form in spongy bone?

rods or plates called trabeculae

spongy bone is strong in

many directions

articular cartilage protects opposing surfaces from...

friction

spongy bone is much \____ and found where there is \_____ stress

lighter, less

what does spongy bone support and protect?

red bone marrow