Anatomy Lecture 2

What are the component axial skeleton

cranium, vertebral column, ribs/sternum

what is the function of the vertebral column

support the body weight/movement and protect the spinal cords/nerves

Vertebra prominens

C7 spinous process, prominent surface landmark

superior angle of the scapula is located on the upper back and corresponds to what vertebra level

T1/T2

The iliac crest is a key anatomical landmark that corresponds to what

The IV disc between L3/L4

The posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) corresponds to what vertebra

S2

This structure is formed by two pedicles and two lamina

vertebral arch

The vertebral arch and the posterior body form a canal known as the

Vertebral foramen

the body of the vertebra is always pointing in what anatomical direction

anterior

the spinous process of the vertebra is always pointing in what anatomical direction

posterior

the superior and inferior notches of the adjacent vertebrae form what structure

Intervertebral foramen

Which vertebra?
Small body, large triangular vertebral foramen, and bifid spinous process. articular process with a relatively horizontal orientation

cervical (C3-C7)

The cervical vertebrae allow for what movements

flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation

Which vertebra?

Has no body of spinous process, transverse foramen, anterior/posterior arches and tubercles, and a superior articular facet

Atlas (C1)

Which vertebra?

Has a body with odontoid process, bifid spinous process

Axis (C2)

Atlanto-occipital joint allows for what movement

flexion/extension (yes)

Atlanto-axial joint allows for what movement

Rotation (no)

Which vertebra?

Has a heart shaped body, round vertebral foramen, demifacets/costal facets, and a long inferiorly directed spinous process

Thoracic

Which vertebra?

Has a large kidney shaped body, triangular foramen, and a hatchet shaped spinous process

Lumbar

Thoracic vertebrae allow for what movement

Rotation

Lumbar vertebrae allow for what movement

flexion/extension and lateral bending

The median sacral crests can be seen in what anatomical view of the sacrum

posterior view

What supplies the blood supply to the neck

vertebral and cervical

What supplies the blood supply to the thoracic vertebra

posterior intercostal

What supplies the blood supply to the abdomen

subcostal and lumbar

What supplies the blood supply to the pelvis

Iliolumbar and sacral

What artery supplied the inferior 2/3rd of the body

Great anterior segmental medullary artery

Which curvature is developed in utero

Primary

Which part vertebra are involved in the primary curvature that is formed during the fetal period

Thoracic and sacral

How/when are the secondary curvatures formed

postnatally, by lifting the head and walking

Which part vertebra are involved in the secondary curvature that is formed during the postnatal period

Cervical and lumbar

what is the highly viscous structure that is inbetween adjacent vertebra

Intervertebral discs

what is the roles of IV discs

act as shock absorbers and allow for movement

what is the ring of fibrocartilage that is the outer part of the IV disc

Anulus fibrosus

what is the inner circle of the IV disc that changes shape with movement and begins as 85% water but decreases as a person ages

Nucleus pulposus

When is the ligament that is located behind the neck, and is thicker ib the cervical region

nuchal ligament

which ligament limits hyperextension

anterior longitudinal ligament

which ligament limits hyperflexion

posteior longitudinal ligament

what is the ligament that runs between successive laminae

Ligamentum Flavum

what is the ligament that runs vertically along spines

Supraspinous

what ligament allow for rotation and precents the dens from pushing into the spinal cord

Transverse ligament of the atlas

What part of the vertebral column allows for flexion

cervical, lumbar

What part of the vertebral column allows for extension

cervical and lumbar

What part of the vertebral column allows for lateral bending

cervical and lumbar

What part of the vertebral column allows for rotation

cervical and thoracic

Increase in the thoracic curvature

Kyphosis

Increase in the lumbar curvature

Lordosis

Abnormal curvature and rotation of vertebral column

Scoliosis

Defect of the vertebral arch (roughly L5-S1)

Spina Bifida

What type of spina bifida

No clinical effects, except a tuft of hair on the lower back

Spina Bifida occulta

What type of spina bifida

Additional defense of meninges and spinal cord

cyst/protrusion on the lower back

Spina Bifida cystica

What type of spina bifida

Invaded by the meninges, dura mater and arachnoid mater

Does not cause severe neurological defects

Spina Bifida cystica with meningocele

What type of spina bifida

Includes meninges, intact spinal cord, and nerve roots

May have more severe neurological defects

Spina Bifida cystica with meningomyelocele

What type of spina bifida

open spinal cord

Myeloschisis

what are the most commonly fractured vertebra

cervical

what are the most commonly fractured non-cervical vertebra

T11/T12

Whiplash is severe hyperextension of the neck, which ligament is commonly damaged or teared in whiplash incidents

anterior longitudinal ligament

If you have a herniation of the L4-L5 vertebral disk what nerves are affected

L5 nerves → inferiorly

If a muscle is extrensic what does that mean

muscles that start outside the specific body part or organ they move

If a muscle is intrensic what does that mean

Muscles that have both their origin and insertion within the specific body part/organ/region where they operate.

Extrensinc muscles are innervated by the

Anterior Rami

All Extrensinc muscles are innervated by the anterior rami except the trapezius which is innervated by what

cranial nerve 11

All intrinsic muscles are innervated by what

Posterior Rami

the glenoid fossa located ______ on the scapula and is where the ______ attaches

laterall, humerus

what anatomical landmark signifies you are looking at a posterior view of the scapula

scapular spine

what anatomical landmark signifies you are looking at a anterior view of the scapula

coracoid process

the ________ tubercle of the humerus is located on the lateral side of the bone

greater

the ________ tubercle of the humerus is located on the medial side of the bone

lesser

the groove near the head of the humerus is the ___________ and signifies you are looking at an anterior view

intertubular sulcus

From the posterior view you can see a groove near the mid-shaft of the humerus called the

radial groove

Where is the most common location for fractures to occur on the humerus

surgical neck

what is the protrusion from the mid shaft of the humerus that can be see anteriorly and posteriorly

deltoid tuberosity

What actions does the trapezius muscle aid the scapula in executing

elevate, depress, retract, and superiorly rotate

What is the primary blood supply of the trapezius

trasverse cranial artery

What innervates the Trapezius muscle

spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve 9) and anterior rami

What is the primary blood supply of the Latissimus Dorsi

thoracodorsal artery

What innervates the Latissimus Dorsi

thoracodorsal nerve

The latissimus dorsi helps for what anatomical landmark that is a good place to listen for lung sounds due to a gap in the muscles

triangle of auscultation

What movements is the latissimus dorsi responsible for

adduction, extension, and medial rotation of the arm

What movements is the levator scapulae responsible for

scapular elevation and downward rotation

What innervates the Levator scapulae

dorsal scapular nerve

What is the primary blood supply of the Levator scapulae

dorsal scapular artery

The Rhomboid minor and major are responsible for what movement

scapular elevation and downward rotation

What is the primary blood supply of the Rhomboid major and minor

Dorsal scapular artery

What innervates the rhomboid major and minor

dorsal scapular nerve

what movement is the serratus posterior superior responsible for

elevating the ribs during respiration

what movement is the serratus posterior inferior responsible for

depresses the ribs during respiration

What is the primary blood supply for the serratus posterior inferior/superior

segmentally vascularized

What innervates the serratus posterior inferior/superior

anterior rami (segmentally innervated)

What actions are the deep muscles of the back responsible for

Extension of vertebral column/head, rotation, and lateral bending (unilateral)

What innervates the deep muscles of the back

posterior rami

List the erector spinae muscles of lateral to medial

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

The erector spinae muscles (ILS- Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis) are innervated by

posterior rami

What actions are the bilateral action of the erector spinae muscles

extends the vertebral column and head

What actions are the unilateral action of the erector spinae muscles

lateral bending

The splenius (cervicis and capitis) is innervated by

posterior rami

The bilateral action of the The splenius (cervicis and capitis) is

extending the head

The unilateral action of the The splenius (cervicis and capitis) is

rotation and lateral bending of the head

The transversospinalis group consists of what three muscles

semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores

The transversospinalist group is innervated by the

posterior rami