Compilation of all terms - Relationships class final exam review

Define being androgynous

Being high in expressive and instrumental traits

Define being masculine

Being high in instrumental traits and low in expressive traits

Define being feminine

Being high in expressive traits and low in instrumental traits

Define being undifferentiated

Being low in instrumental traits and low in expressive traits (rare)

Define being cross-typed

Being high in the skills typically associated with the other sex/gender

How are positive behaviors perceived in a relationship enhancing attribution?

controllable, stable, and internal

How are negative behaviors perceived in a relationship enhancing attribution?

uncontrollable, unstable, and external

How are positive behaviors perceived in a distress maintaining attribution?

uncontrollable, unstable, and external

How are negative behaviors perceived in a distress maintaining attribution?

controllable, stable, and internal

What is a controllable/uncontrollable attribution?

An action that may have been intentional or unintentional by the other partner

What is a stable/unstable attribution?

An action that may have been out of the norm or common to the performer

What is an internal/external attribution?

An action attributed to external circumstances or internal decisions

Key features of dismissive attachment

Low anxiety of abandonment, high avoidance of intimacy

Key features of fearful attachment

High anxiety of abandonment, high avoidance of intimacy

Key features of preoccupied attachment

High anxiety of abandonment, low avoidance of intimacy

Key features of secure attachment

Low anxiety of abandonment, low avoidance of intimacy

Oxytocin role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: Increases with touch and other forms of connection, reduces stress and anxiety, when in the process of falling in love thinking about significant other will raise oxytocin levels, released at orgasm and linked to intensity

Testosterone role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: Fuels sexual desire in both men and women

Estrogen role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: Increases the bonding effects of oxytocin

Vasopressin role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: Brings out a man's desire to protect/defend & commit, In both men and women, makes someone want to act aggressively in order to connect with someone (not violence, but effort), In men, modulates the impact of testosterone on sexual behavior

Endorphins role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: -Associated with the stages of love after infatuation, Increases feelings of well-being (calm) and reduces anxiety, The release of endorphins can be triggered by the mere presence of an established lover

DHEA role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: Is thought to increase a woman's sex drive, May be the precursor of pheromones

Prolactin role in love, sex, and attachment

HORMONE: sexual satisfaction, "enough is enough"

Dopamine role in love, sex, and attachment

NEUROTRANSMITTER: Brings instant pleasure, but also promotes the anticipation of more pleasure encouraging addiction

Seratonin role in love, sex, and attachment

NEUROTRANSMITTER: rises when falling in love

PEA role in love, sex, and attachment

NEUROTRANSMITTER: Causes giddiness and excitement during the initial "falling" stage

After transitioning to being in love, what increases?

Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Endorphins

Ambivalence

nonconscious mixed feelings

What aspect of social cognition can predict relationship satisfaction?

Implicit ambivalence

Destiny beliefs

Beliefs that perfect relationships will just happen. There shouldn’t be disagreements ever and if there are, my partner doesn’t love me enough

Growth beliefs

Beliefs that relationships require work, communication, conflict management and repair

Transference

old feelings pertaining to past partners can transfer (unconsciously) to new partners, for better or worse

What is the marriage shift?

The need for self-verification rises above self-enhancement

What is a possible consequence of having self-verification denied for someone with low self-esteem?

Overly favorable evaluations from someone who knows them well may foster a sense of uneasiness, inauthenticity, and distrust of the person who delivered them

What are the four strategies for impression management?

ingratiation, self-promotion, intimidation, supplication

What does ingratiation look like?

Favors, pay compliments, mention areas of agreement, and are generally charming to get others to like us. Generally seeking liking and acceptance from others

What does self-promotion look like?

Recounting our accomplishments or strategically arranging public demonstrations of our skill

What does intimidation look like?

portray themselves as ruthless, dangerous, and menacing so that others will do their bidding. Goal: to be scary and get what you want

What does supplication look like?

Present themselves as inept or infirm to avoid obligations and to elicit help and support from others

What is self-monitoring?

adjusting your behavior to fit varying social norms in different situations

Characteristics of high self-monitors

more likely to be high on extroversion (strongest predictor of high self-monitoring) more likely to have more friends, & often surround themselves with activity specialists. Tend to have greater intimacy in new relationships, putting forth a greater effort to get to know others. As time goes on, tend to put less time & effort into any one relationship & commitment often suffers as a result

Characteristics of low self-monitors

More introverted, less relationships but have more prolonged intimacy and these relationships are more general

What is confirmation bias?

Searching for evidence that only affirms what you believe and ignoring evidence that doesn’t

What are self-fulfilling prophecies?

we can elicit the behavior we expect by our own behavior that is shaped by what we expect

High sex ratio vs low sex ratio

High sex ratio: more men than women. Low sex ratio: more women than men

What do cultures with high sex ratios look like?

Support traditional, old-fashioned roles for men and women. Such cultures also tend to be sexually conservative. The ideal newlywed is a virgin bride, unwed pregnancy is shameful, open cohabitation is rare, and divorce is discouraged.

What do cultures with low sex ratios look like?

Tend to be less traditional and more permissive. Women seek high-paying careers and they are allowed (if not encouraged) to have sexual relationships outside of marriage

How do casual relationships differ from intimate relationships? (7 aspects)

knowledge, interdependence, caring, trust, responsiveness, mutuality, and commitment.

key aspects interpersonal process model of intimacy

Self-disclosure, responsiveness, and perceived responsiveness

Visual dominance ratio

(talking: 40% looking, listening 60% looking). IF THERE IS A POEWR IMBALANCE: (talking: 60% looking, listening 40% looking)