exam 2 for real

atmosphere

thin layer of gases

trophosphere

bottommost layer

stratosphere

above sea level

front

boundary between air masses

Consecutive circlulation

less dense and warm air rises creating vertical currents

weather

short term conditions

climate

long term conditions

High pressure system

air is down because it’s cool

Low pressure system

warm air rises

thermal inversion

cold air occurs beneath warm air

inversion layer

band of air where temperature rises with height

hadley cells

convective cells near equator

polar cells

lift air and create precipiatation

Coriolis effect

deflection of air currents of hadley cells

aerosols

fine droplets of water

sulfur dioxide

colorless gas with an odor

particulate matter

suspended solid or liquid particles

citeria pollutants

pollutants that pose a threat to human health

Nitrogen dioxide

a reactive and bad smelling red brown gas

Toxic air pollutants

substances that can cause serious problems

industrial smog

smog created when industries burn coal

Photochemical smog

smog made when sunlight drives reactions

ozone depleting substances

man made chemicals that destroy ozone

halocarbons

human made compounds from hydrocarbons

Chlorofluorocarbons

halocarbons used as refrigerants

ozone hole

thinned ozone concentration over antarctica

montreal protocol

treaty to cut cfc production in half

(chapter 18 start) Greenhouse

atmospheric gases that absorb radiation

greenhouse effect

phenomenon in which energy travel downward

radiative forcing

the amount of change in thermal energy

Milankovitch cycles

changes in the earths rotation around the sun.

carbon sequestration(storage)

storing carbon underground

fee and dividend

approach

Geoengineering

cooling the climate by removing the co2

el nino

hot temperatures

la nina

cold temperatures

(start of chapter 2) element

fundamental type of matter

atoms

smallest component

proton

positively charged

electron

negatively charged

isotope

atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons

half life

time it takes for one half the atoms to give off radiation

molecules

combo of two or more atoms

compound

molecule of two or more different elements

solutions

no chemical bonding

ionic bonds

electrons transferred between atoms

covalent bonds

electrons shared between atoms

hydrogen bond

oxygen from one molecule attracts hydrogen from another

polymers

long chains of carbon molecules

hydrocarbon

only carbon and hydrogen

macromolecules

large sized molecules

proteins

long chains of amino acids

nucleic acid

long chains of nucleotides

chemical energy

potential energy held in bonds between atoms

hydrothermal vents

thrive in high temperatures

chemosyntheses

uses energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar

core

solid iron center

mantle

elastic rock

crust

brittle rock

lithosphere

most upper mantle

Plate tectonics

movement of lithospheric plates

divergent plate boundaries

magma rises to surface

transform plate boundaries

two plates meet and slip

subduction

oceanic plates slides beneath the crust

rock cycle

heating, melting, cooling, breaking

mass wasting

the downslope movement of soil and rock

System

a network of relationships

transpiration

release of water vapor by plants

aquifers

underground reservoirs

respiration

returns carbon to the air and oceans

decomposition

returns carbon to the sediment

nitrogen fixation

nitrogen combine with oxygen to for ammonium

nitrification

bacteria converted to ammonium ions

denitrifying bacteria

bacteria that converts nitrates in soil to gas nitrogen

haper bosch process

combine nitrogen with hydrogen to get ammonia