CH 42 - NEURAL REGULATION

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Biology

Last updated 3:35 PM on 10/27/22
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28 Terms

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ANTEROPOSTERIOR AXIS
head to tail
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DORSOVENTRAL AXIS
back to belly axis
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LEFT-RIGHT AXIS
left lateral (side) to right lateral (side)
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PROXIMODISTAL AXIS
near to far axis
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CEPHALIZATION
neurons concentrated in head region organizing to form brain
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CENTRAL NERVOU SYSTEM (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
nerves and ganglia
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CEREBRUM
area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body (gray matter)
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CEREBELLUM
structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills [coordinating muscle activity]
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THALAMUS
conducts information between cerebrum and spinal cord
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HYPOTHALAMUS
control center for body temp, appetite, metabolism and pituitary glands
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MEDULLA
an extension of the spinal cord into the brain that coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration
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DURA MATER
outer tough layer of brain protection
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ARACHNOID
middle layer of brain protection
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PIA MATER
inner thin layer of brain protection
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SPINAL CORD
part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain
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SOMATIC DIVISION
VOLUNTARY and responds to changes in external environment
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AUTONIMIC DIVISION
INVOLUNTARY and regulates internal activities of the body
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SYMPATHETIC NERVES
tend to increase responses (faster heart rate)
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PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES
tend to decrease responses (slower heart rate)
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SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
responds to stressful events [efferent signaling epinephrine & norepinephrine]
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PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
restores the body to normal functioning after stress has ceased [efferent nerves transmit acetylcholine]
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DUAL INNERVATION
internal organs regulated by both parts of the autonomic nervous system
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SENSORY = AFFERENT
carrying signal from sensory receptor to CNS
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MOTOR = EFFERENT
carrying signal from CNS to effector
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INTERNEURON
neuron with both efferent and afferent transmission abilities
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SYNAPSE
point of information transfer between to neurons
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REFLEX ARC
withdrawal effect; simplest form of nervous pathway