BOOK: Introduction to Urinalysis

References of the study of urine can be found in the? What are two examples?

•drawings of cavemen

•egyptian hieroglyphics

References of the study of urine can be found in drawings of cavemen and egyptian hieroglyphics. What is an example of egyptian hieroglypics?

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

Early physicians are often showed examining a (blank) of urine

bladder-shaped flask

Physicans back then often never see the (blank), just their urine

patients

Even though old physicians lacked sophisticated mechanisms, they were able to obtain information with basic observations like?

Hint: CTOVVS

• color

• turbidity

• odor

• volume

• viscosity

• sweetness

Modern urinalysis has expanded beyond (blank) of urine to include (blank) and (blank) of (blank)

• physical examination

• chemical examination

• microscopic examination

• urinary sediment

He is a person from the 5th century BCE who wrote a book on (blank)

• Hippocrates

• uroscopy

By this time, color charts have been developed that described the significance of (blank)

• 1140 CE

• 20 colors

Duringnthe Middle Ages, physicians concentrated their efforts into the art of what

uroscopy

Back then, the chemical testing progressed from ant testing and taste testing because of the discovery of (blank)

albuminuria

Chemical testing for glucose has progressed when (blank) discovered albuminuria by boiling urine in the year (blank)

• Frederik Dekkers

• 1694

Frederik Dekkers discovered albuminuria in 1694 by what action

boiling urine

This is a disease where extra protein from blood is leaking into the urine

Albuminuria

Credibility of urinalysisbecamw compromised when (blank) began offering predictions to the public for a fee

chartlans

What is another name for chartlans?

pisse prophets

The pisse prophets became a subject of a book published by (blank) in the year (blank)

• Thomas Bryant

• 1627

The revelations of the book written by Thomas Bryant in 1627 inspired the passing of the (blank) in (blank)

• first medical licensure laws

• England

The imvention of the microscope in the (blank) century led tp the examination of (blank)

• 17th Century

• urinary sediment

He made the method for quantitating microscopic sediment

Thomas Addis

He introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in (blank)

• Richard Bright

• 1827

By this time, the mumber of complexity in tests became impractical so urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations

1930

What are the two unique characteristics of urne specimen

1. It is readily available and easily collected

2. Inexpensive laboratory tests about many major metabollic functions

They defined urinalysis asbtesting of urie withprocedures co,,only performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, afe and cos effective manner

Clinical and Laboratory Science Institure (CLSI)

The kidneys continuously form urime as an ultrafiltrate of

plasma

This makes up for approximately 55% of the total volume of blood which carries nutrients, hormones, protein, and enables blood clotting

plasma

Reabsorption of the essential substances turns (blank) of filtrated plasma into the daily urine output of 1200 mL

170 000 mL

Reabsorption of the essential substances turns 170 000 mL of filtrated plasma into the daily urine output of (blank)

1200 mL

Urine consists of (blank) and other organic and non-inorgamic chemicals dissolved in (blank)

• Urea

• Water

How many % of wter in urine normally is there

95%

How many % of solutes in urine normally is there

5%

This is a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and mino acids and accounts for nearly half thr total dissolved solids in the urine

Urea

What are the two primary organic substamces in the urine

Hint: CU

creatinine and urea

What are the major inorganic solid dissolved in the urine

Hint: CSP

chloride, sodium, potassium

(blank) greatly influences the concentrations of the inorganic compounds which makes it difficult to establish normal levels

dietary intake

Urine may also contain formed elements but this is nit a part of the original plasma filtrate. What are some formed elements?

cells, casts, crystals, mucus, bacteria

The best way to check if the specimen is urine is to check for (blank) as they are higher in the urine than other bodily fluids

Hint: CUSC

creatinine, urea, sodium, chloride

These two are not present in anormal urine specimen

Hint: PG

protein and glucose

This hormone decides how much water in our body is going to be kept in or out

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

ADH is also known as

va