Chapter 13

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54 Terms

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social psychology

The study of the causes and consequences of sociality.

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aggression

Behaviour whose purpose is to harm another.

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frustration-aggression hypothesis

A principle stating that animals aggressive when their goals are frustrated.

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proactive aggression

Aggression that is planned and purposeful.

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reactive aggression

Aggression that occurs spontaneously in response to a negative affective state.

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cooperation

Behaviour by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit.

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group

A collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others.

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in-group favouritism

Tendency to treat people better when they are members of one’s own group than when they are not.

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common knowledge effect

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share.

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group polarization

The tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than any member would have made alone.

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groupthink

The tendency of groups to reach consensus in order to facilitate interpersonal harmony.

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deindividuation

A phenomenon in which immersion in a group causes people to become less concerned with their personal values,

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diffusion of responsibility

The tendency of individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when surrounded by other who are acting the same way.

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social loafing

The tendency of people to expend less effort when in a group than when alone.

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bystander effect

The tendency for people to be less likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when other bystanders are present.

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altruism

Intentional behaviour that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself.

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kin selection

The process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives.

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reciprocal alturism

Behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future.

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mere exposure effect

The tendency for liking of a stimulus to increase with the amount of of exposure to that stimulus.

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homophile

The tendency for people to like others who are similar to themselves.

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passionate love

An experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction.

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companionate love

An experience involving affection, trust, and concern for a partner’s well-being.

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comparison level for alternatives

The cost-benefit ratio that a person believes they could attain in another relationship.

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equity

A state of affairs in which the cost/benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equally favourable.

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social cognition

The processes by which people come to understand others.

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category-based inferences

Inferences based on information about the categories to which a person belongs.

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target-based inferences

Inferences based on information about an individual’s behaviour.

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stereotyping

The process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership.

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prejudice

A negative evaluation of another person based solely on their category membership.

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discrimination

Negative behaviour towards another person based solely on their category membership.

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behavioural confirmation

The tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave.

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stereotype threat

The anxiety associated with the possibility of confirming other people’ stereotypes about one’s group.

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perpetual confirmation

The tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.

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subtyping

The tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as “exceptions to the rule.”

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attribution

An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour.

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fundamental attribution error

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution.

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actor-observer effect

The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviour while making dispositional attribution for the identical behaviour of others.

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social influence

The ability to change or direct another person’s behaviour. 

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overjustification effect

An effect that occurs when a reward decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behaviour.

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reactance

An unpleasant feeling that arises when people feel they are being coerced.

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norms

Customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture.

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norm of reciprocity

The unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them.

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normative influence

A phenomenon in which another person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate.

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door-in-the-face technique

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request.

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conformity

The tendency to do what others do.

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obedience

The tendency to do what authorities tell us to do.

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attitude

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of a stimulus.

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belief

An enduring piece of knowledge about a stimulus.

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informational influence

A phenomenon that occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is good or true.

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persuasion

A phenomenon that occurs when a person’s attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person.

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central-route persuasion

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

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peripheral-route persuasion

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion.

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foot-in-the-door technique

A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request.

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cognitive dissonance

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs.