SPCH 1A: Final Exam Review

Definition of Communication

An interactive process of sharing symbols in order to construct meaning.

Verbal Communication

Communication using your voice

Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal symbols include gestures, facial expressions, posture, clothing, and even the distance between the participants.

Symbols

anything that stands for something else

Linear Model of Communication

where the sender conveys a message to a receiver who interprets it. treats communication like a one way street

3 Goals of Public Speaking

Transactional Model of Communication

Dean Barnlund which articulates that sending and receiving of messages happens simultaneously between people. The transactional model of communication demonstrates how both the sender and receiver can simultaneously convey a message and process a message

Elements in the Model of Communication

Sender originates Message conveyed through a Channel to a Receiver. The message may change based on Context or Interference

Sojourner Truth

Gave ain’t I a woman speech in May 1851 in Akron, Ohio for the second National Women’s Rights Convention

Corax

In the 5th century B. C. a Greek man named published the first book designed to educate students in the art of public speaking

Lincoln

gave speeches like his famous “Gettysburg Address” to argue for the abolition of slavery and to help our nation overcome the ravages of civil war.

Roosevelt

During  the 1930s, delivered his “fireside chats” over the evening radio to encourage legislation that would help usher in the New Deal

MLK

Perhaps our country’s most renowned orator, began his journey as a reverend before leading the African-American Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s with famous speeches like “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop.”

Chavez

Using King as his inspiration, farm laborer championed the rights of his fellow workers through strikes, non-violent protests and speeches like “Breaking Bread for Progress,” delivered in 1968. In the 1970s

Reagan

was scheduled to give his annual state of the union address when news broke that the Space Shuttle Challenger had exploded and its seven-member crew had perished. Reagan used the moment to deliver a moving tribute to the astronauts lost in the tragedy. Current political leaders continue to build upon this legacy of speechmaking

Obama

address “A More Perfect Union,” whose title references the preamble to the United States Constitution, addressed race and inequality in our country. It is considered one of the key speeches that eventually led to his election as President.

Trait Apprehension

a person's natural tendency to feel anxious about communication in general. It's a stable part of their personality, meaning they often experience nervousness in various speaking situations.

State Apprehension

temporary anxiety that arises in specific situations, like giving a speech or talking to a large group. It fades once the situation is over.

Causes of Speech Anxiety

Lack of Speaking Experience, Prior Negative Experience, Mainly Excessive Self Focus

Symptoms of Speech Anxiety

may cause everything from procrastination (putting off preparing a speech) and negative self-talk (convincing yourself about all of your flaws) before the speech, to blanking (forgetting what to say next or forgetting a portion of your content) during the speech.

Solutions for Speech Anxiety

Prepare, Engage in Positive Thoughts during Speech, Breathe.

Top 10 Most Important Steps for Beginning Public Speakers

1.) Care

2.) Organize your Thoughts

3.) Start Strong/End Strong

4.) Look Great/Feel Great

5.) Show Your Personality

6.) Never Drop the Ball

7.) Control your body

8.) Control your voice

9.) Make Eye contact

10.) Practice your Speech

Primacy Effect

Brains Recall the first part of Speech

Recency Effect

Brains recall last part of Speech

Speaker Stance

your legs are shoulder width apart with your feet firmly planted and your toes pointing slightly outward. Your legs should be bent just a little bit (to avoid odd-looking locked legs), and your weight should be evenly distributed over both legs, not leaning toward one hip. This is a solid stance that communicates credibility and is not distracting.

5 Stages of Listening

1.) Hearing

2.) Selection

3.) Interpratation

4.) Evaluation

5.) Responding

Strategies for Improving Listening

Engage in active listening instead of passive listening.

Topic Revelation Statement

a summary sentence explaining the specific content area you will discuss during your speech

Different Types of Databases

EBSCO, Proquest,

Antithesis

a rhetorical device that contrasts two opposing ideas within a sentence or phrase to create emphasis and clarity. It enhances persuasion and impact by presenting a stark contrast.

Alliteration

Alliteration is a rhetorical device where the same initial consonant sound is repeated in closely connected words. It enhances rhythm, memorability, and emphasis in speech.

Hypothetical Situations

are imagined scenarios used to illustrate a point, clarify complex ideas, or engage the audience. They help make abstract concepts more relatable and memorable.

Jargon

refers to specialized language or terminology used within a particular field or group. While it can enhance credibility among experts, excessive jargon can confuse or alienate a general audience.

Slang

informal, often trendy language used within specific groups. While it can make a speech feel more relatable and engaging, excessive slang can alienate audiences unfamiliar with the terms.

Different Types of Supporting Materials

Personal experiences, definitions, descriptions, definitions, examples, explanations, testimony

Ethos

Appeals to credibility

Pathos

Appeals to Emotions

Logos

Appeal to Logic

Basic Speech Structure

Introduction, Body (2 Points), Conclusion

Summary Transitions

review the previous main point and carry the audience into the next point. alerts the audience to your arrival at the first poin

Simple Transitions

helps smoothly connect ideas and guide the audience through different points.

Chronological Organization

a speech structure where ideas are presented in time order, following a sequence of events.

Attention Devices

section of your speech designed specifically to draw the attention of the audience to you, your speech, and your specific topic area.

Sustained Eye Contact

Locking eyes with someone for a specific point. Good for preview statements

Preview Statements

used in speeches to outline the main points that will be covered, helping the audience follow along and stay engaged. They typically appear in the introduction and provide a roadmap for the speech’s structure

Interpersonal Communication

process of exchanging information, feelings, and meaning between two or more people through verbal and nonverbal messages encompassing both what is said and how it is said

Intrapersonal Communication

communication with oneself, encompassing internal dialogue, self-talk, and the process that shapes our thoughts, feelings, and beliefs.

Importance of Visual/Presentation Aids

Visual aids enhance a speech by improving audience engagement, clarifying complex ideas, and reinforcing key points for better retention

Bandwagon Fallacy

occurs when someone argues that a claim must be true because many people believe it or follow it. This reasoning assumes popularity equals correctness, rather than relying on evidence.

Tradition Fallacy

occurs when someone argues that something should continue simply because it has always been done that way, without considering whether it is still effective or relevant.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

occurs when a speaker argues that a small action will inevitably lead to extreme consequences without sufficient evidence. It assumes a chain reaction where one step leads to disastrous results.

Informative Speeches of Description

is often organized using a spatial structure. For example, in a speech vividly describing “The Splendor of Maui” you could use a map and divide the area up into two to four geographic regions. Each region could function as a main point in your presentation.

Informative Speeches of Explanation

helps the audience to understand how something works mechanically or systemically, often uses the structure-function sequence. Explain what it is and how it is used

Informative Speeches of Demonstration

is also called a “How-To” speech and often makes use of a chronological, step-by-step organizational pattern. Each step becomes a main point of the speech.

Informative Speeches of Revelation

uncovers new information about concepts or objects like discoveries, theories, and inventions, and is often organized using a topical pattern. In the topical pattern, the speaker chooses the most important topics to cover regarding a subject.

Impromptu Speaking

occurs when the speaker has limited preparation time. The speaker prepares an outline of the speech during the brief preparation time, if any is given at a

Impromptu Structure

Attention Statement, Quote/Author, Intepret Quote, Preview,

Background Info. Example, Analysis

Transition

Background Info. Example, Analysis

Reinstate Quote/Author, Interpretation, Review Examples, Lasting Thought

Vocal Variety

Changes in pitch and tone that make a speech more engaging and impactful

General Gestures

broader movements that enhance expression and engagement, like open hand gestures to convey enthusiasm or subtle motions to reinforce tone.

Indicative Gestures

in public speaking are hand movements that point out, highlight, or direct attention to specific ideas or objects.

Transition Walking

Walking when switching between introduction, main points, and conclusion

Dropping the Ball

To acknowledge that you fucked up.

Working Outline

A rough draft of the main ideas and sub points of your speech

Formal Outline

an outline that contains all the ideas you will cover in your speech, including research you will cite and all the support you plan to use. Always typed and should be formatted so it has a professional, consistent appearance and is easy to follow

Speaking Outline

for your use while preparing and, possibly, delivering your speeches, extremely limited notes that are often written on small index cards to help make them less apparent during the presentation

POS Three Reasons

Topic: Capital Punishment

Claim: Capital punishment is an ineffective means of punishing criminals in our society.

Reason One: Capital punishment does not deter crime.

Reason Two: Capital punishment costs more money than imprisonment.

Reason Three: Capital punishment is inherently racist.

POS Problem/Cause/Solution

Topic: Hand washing

Claim: The lack of hand washing is a serious health hazard in the United States.

Main Point One (Problem): Many people do not wash their hands regularly, and this harms our society.

Main Point Two (Causes): People don’t take the time to wash their hands because they do not know the potential health hazards.

Main Point Three (Solutions): If businesses, organizations, and individuals followed a few simple hand washing guidelines, we could stop this health hazard.

POS Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

Capture Attention of the Audience

Create the need for change

Satisfy the Need

Visualize the Results

Call to Action

Language Clarity

refers to the accuracy with which an audience understands a speaker’s intended meaning.

Language Vividness

You also want to inspire your audience’s imaginations and senses so what you say will stick. Refers to lively language that makes an impact on the audience emotionally because of interest, energy, and images. It gets the audience involved. Some guidelines include:

Language Appropriateness

varies from audience to audience because it refers to language that is right, suitable, and proper for the occasion, audience, and speaker.