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Why aren't viruses alive?
They lack order, homeostasis can't grow and don't process energy
What are atoms?
A basic unit of matter that consist of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons
What are molecules?
A phospholipid composed of many atoms
What are organelles
Structures that perform functions within a cell
What are cells
Human blood cells
What's tissue
Human skin tissue
organs and organ systems
Organs such as the stomach and intestine make up part of the human digestive system
Organisms, populations, and communities
each person is an organism. Together, all the people make up a population. All the people and animal species make a community
What's an ecosystem
living organisms and the environment in which they live
What's a biosphere
Encompasses all the ecosystems on earth
What is a shift in the traits of in the population called
Adaption (individuals don't adapt populations do)
What's homeostasis
the process of maintaining a stable equilibrium within an organism.
What's taxonomy
serves as a way for scientists to organize and classify organisms based on shared derived traits.
Bacterial cells belong to what domain
Bacteria domain
What domain does extremophiles belong
Domain archaea
What domain do lions and sunflowers belong to
Domain Eurkarya
phylogenetic trees are ?
are constructed using genetic relationships
What are laws?
concise descriptions of parts of the world, theories never become laws.
What's inductive reasoning
Uses observations to draw a general conclusion
What's deductive reasoning
Uses laws or general principles to predict specific results
What's a hypothesis?
a testable and falsifiable explanation for a question.
What's a Dependent variable
The variable within a hypothesis that is responding to the independent variable.
What's an independent variable?
The variable within a hypothesis that is acting upon the dependent variable.
What's basic science ?
Seeks knowledge regardless of the application of that knowledge. And is not focused on the "value" of the science.
What's applied science?
Applies the knowledge gathered by basic science to real world problems with the goal of solving them.
What makes a hypothesis good?
It makes a prediction
What’s everything made up of?
Matter
What’s matter made up of ?
Elements
What are macromolecules
Carbohydrates ,lipids, nucleic acids and proteins
What’s found as micromolecules?
Foods that contain elements such as zinc, potassium, and sodium
What are atoms made up of?
protons and neutrons located within the nucleus and electrons surrounding the nucleus
How are elements distinguished
By their number of protons, neutrons and electrons
What does each element have?
It’s own symbol, it’s own unique atomic number, and its own mass (molar mass)
Elements in a balanced neutral state Have the same what?
Number of protons , neutrons ,and electrons
What’s the mass of a single proton?
1
What’s the mass of a neutron
1
Electrons are so small that they ?
They contribute nothing to the mass of an element
How many protons does carbon have?
6
How many electrons does carbon have?
6
Isotopes are?
Different forms of the same element, but with a different number of neutrons
What happens to isotopes?
They are not stable and undergo nuclear decay, where a neutron gradually turns into a proton
What do plants absorb During photosynthesis?
Carbon-14
When animals eat plants, what happens?
They absorb carbon-14
When an animal dies, then what?
They can no longer eat, meaning they no longer absorb carbon 14
Carbon 14 decays into?
Nitrogen-14
Since carbon 14 decays into nitrogen 14 , we use this for?
The amount of carbon 14 left over in an organism to estimate when it died
What’s the octet rule?
Atoms gain, lose and share electrons to fill their valence shell with 8 electrons
What happens in an ionic bond?
One element takes the electron of another resulting in positively and negatively charged ions
Examples of nonpolar bonds
Methane and oxygen
What do polar covalent bonds do?
Donate their Electron resulting in a positively charged and negative charged side of the molecule
What do nonpolar covalent bonds do?
Donate their electron equally resulting in a neutrally charged molecule
How do hydrogen bonds form?
Between slightly positive and slightly negative charges of polar covalent molecules
Properties of life in order
Atoms make molecules, which form Organelles, which are within cells , forms tissue >organs>form organisms,>populate ecosystems> makes biosphere
Why don’t oil and water mix?
Because oils are nonpolar, and water is polar the difference acts as a barrier
The polarity of water allows ?
For cell membranes to filter what enters and exits
Water is adhesive this allows for?
It’s important for capillary action, which is important for transportation of water in small vessels within plants
The lattice Structure of ice does what?
Makes it less dense than the freely flowing molecules of liquid water
The hydrogen bonding results in what?
Water having a higher heat capacity, which enables organisms to maintain homeostasis more Efficiently
when table salt (Nacl) Is mixed in water what happens?
Spheres of hydration form around the ions, This allows for the transport of nutrients through the cells and body
Since water is cohesive, it allows for what?
Allow small insects to walk on water by distributing their body weight
What does the pH scale do?
Measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a substance
What’s the pH scale called?
A logarithmic scale
What are acids?
Substances that provide H+ in excess resulting in a lower ph
What are bases?
Substances that provide excess OH- resulting in a higher ph
What’s a buffer?
A solution that can either absorb H+ or OH- it’s why we can eat acidic foods
How much more acidic is gastric acid then Coffee?
10,000x
Why is carbon a common element?
It’s frequently bonded allowing for extremely large and complex molecules necessary for life
Glucose, a sugar , has a ring of?
Carbon atoms and one oxygen atom , in most things we eat
What are monosaccharides? (Carbohydrate)
Simple sugars that are the building blocks of more complex sugars
Examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose (most common). Fructose , and galactose
Why is glucose an important carbohydrate?
It’s a source of energy in most organisms
During cellular respiration what’s glucose used as?
An energy source to produce ATP
What’s ATP?
Used as a source and storage of energy on the cellular level.
Plant synthesize what during photosynthesis
Glucose
what’s excess synthesized glucose stored as?
Starch
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are isomeric Monosaccharides meaning?
They have the same chemical formula c6h1206, But different structures which results in different chemical properties and absorptions
What are disaccharides? (Carbohydrate)
Composed of two monosaccharides and are broken down into their monosaccharide during digestion
Examples of Disaccharides?
Sucrose , maltose , and lactose
All polysaccharide carbohydrates are made up of? (Carbohydrate)
Monosaccharides, have the same chemical formula ch20
Examples of polysaccharides?
Chitin,starch,cellulose and glycogen
Starch is A way plants store their ?
Sugars
When plant synthesize glucose, they store the excess glucose where?
In the roots and the seeds of the plant
When animals eat plants, they break down the starch Into what?
Glucose
What’s glycogen?
it’s the storage form of glucose in humans and vertebrates, it serves as a similar function as starch in plants.
What happens when you reduce your level of glucose consumption?
Glycogen is broken down into glucose in a process called Glycogenolysis.
Whats cellulose?
It’s what the cell walls of plants are made of
What Cellulose frequently referred as?
Dietary fiber
Certain animals and bacteria secrete what?
The enzyme cellulase In order to break down cellulose into glucose and digest it
Chitin makes up?
The exoskeleton of crabs, insects and spiders
What’s hydrophobic lipids?
In the fur of aquatic animals, protect them from the elements
What do lipids serve as?
Serve as insulation and energy storage for mammals such as dolphins and whales
Lipids are the building blocks of?
Many hormones
Why might lipids be hydrophobic?
They’re nonpolar so water can’t form a bond
What are the type of Lipids?
Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
Fats defintion? (Lipid)
Are composed of long hydrocarbon chains and are solid at room temperature
Oils definition? (Lipid)
Composed of many unsaturated fats and are liquid at room temperature
Phospholipids definition? (Lipid)
Major part of the plasma membrane of a cell, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
Steroids definition?
Have a ring like structure, hydrophobic like other lipids and is important for hormone formation in liver and production of bile to breakdown fats and absorption
What are Triglycerides? (Lipids)
A common fat named after three fatty acid chains
What do Saturated fats have? (Lipids)
A single chain that is saturated with hydrogen
