Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

branch of science that deals with the structure or morphology of body parts, their forms, and how they are organized.

Physiology

branch of science that deals with the function of body parts (what they do and how they do it).

movement

all organisms must be able to interact with their environment, can also refer to metabolic processes

responsiveness

organism's ability to sense changes taking place inside or outside its body and react to changes

growth

increase in body size

reproduction

making new individuals and passing genetic information to offspring

respiration

obtaining oxygen, using oxygen to release energy from food and removing wastes

digestion

chemical and mechanical means of breaking down food into simpler forms that cells can absorb and use

absorption

passage of substances through certain membranes

circulation

movement of substances within the body (ex: blood)

assimilation

changing of absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different form those that entered the body

excretion

removal of wastes

homeostasis

body's maintenance of a stable internal environment

negative feedback

system that receives signals about changes in the internal environment then causes responses that revers changes back to the set point

cells

basic unit of structure and function of life

tissues

groups of cells working together

organs

groups of tissues working together to carry out a specific function

organ system

groups of organs working together to perform a function

organisms

sum of the organ systems (individual living thing)

Dorsal cavity

(back) houses the cranial and vertebral cavities

Ventral cavity

(front) houses the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Mediastinum

separates the right and left lung

Diaphragm

separates the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

parietal

lines the wall of a cavity

visceral

lines the organs themselves

thoracic

lines the chest

pleural

lines the lungs

pericardial

lines the heart

peritoneal

lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Integumentary system

skin, hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, protects underlying tissues, sensory receptors, regulates body temperature, synthesis of biochemicals

Skeletal system

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints, body framework, protection of vital organs, attachment for muscles, blood cell production, storage for inorganic salts

Muscular system

muscles, body movement, body posture, generation of body heat

Nervous system

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs, detect changes in the internal and external environments, receive and interpret sensory organs, stimulates muscles and glands

Endocrine System

glands that secrete hormones, chemical messengers that travel in the blood or other bodily fluids, hormones alter metabolism

Circulatory System

transport system composed of the heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood, transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes

Lymphatic System

transport system composed of lymphatic vessels, fluid, nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphocytes

sagittal

transverse

coronal

Digestive system

mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestine, ingestion of food, breakdown of food, and absorption of nutrients

Respiratory System

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, movement and exchange of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, removal of wastes from blood, maintain body water and electrolyte balance, transport urine

Reproductive System

Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, urethra, penis

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva, produces gametes and supports development of a fetus

Superior

part of the body that is above another part or is closer to the head (head is _______ to the neck)

Inferior

body part that is below another part or is closer to the feet (neck is ______ to the head)

Anterior

toward the front (eyes are _______ to the brain)

Posterior

toward the back (pharynx is ______ to the oral cavity)

Medial

toward the middle (nose is ____ to the eyes)

Lateral

toward the sides (ears are ______ to the eyes)

Proximal

closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body (elbow is _____ to the wrist)

Distal

farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body (fingers are _______ to the wrist)

Superficial

situated near the surface ( the epidermis is the __________ layer of skin)

Deep

parts that are more internal (the dermis is the _____ layer of skin)

Cross Section

across

oblique section

at an angle

longitudinal section

lengthwise

epigastric region

left hypochondriac region

right hypochondriac region

umbilical region

left lumbar region

right lumbar region

hypogastric region

left iliac region

right iliac region

abdominal

region between thorax and pelvis

acromial

point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

space in front of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

celiac

abdomen

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs

coxal

hip

crural

leg

cubital

elbow

digital

finger

dorsum

back

femoral

thigh

frontal

forehead

genital

reproductive organs

gluteal

buttocks

inguinal

groin

lumbar

lower back

mammary

breast

mental

chin

nasal

nose

occipital

lower posterior region of the head

oral

mouth

orbital

eye cavity

Otic

ear

Palmar

palm of hand

patellar

knee cap

pectoral

chest

pedal

foot

pelvic

pelvis