HHD- Unit 4 AOS1, Chapters 8,9,10

World Bank’s income grouping classification system

a modern classification system developed by the World Bank and uses a country’s GNI per capita to classify countries into 3 groups; low income, middle income, and high income

gross national income (GNI)

the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country

Economic characteristics of high-income countries

• low levels of poverty

• high average incomes

• wide range of industries

• opportunities for global trade

social characteristics of high-income countries

• high levels of gender equality

• low birth rates and population growth

• developed health systems

• high levels of education and employment

environmental characteristics of high-income countries

• access to safe water and sanitation

• food security

• adequate housing

• high levels of CO₂ emissions

• adequate infrastructure

human development

creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It’s about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

elements critical to human development

• lead long and healthy lives

• lead productive and creative lives according to their needs and interests

• access knowledge and expand their choices and capabilities

• access resources needed for a decent standard of living

• participate in the life of their community

• participate in the decisions that affect their lives

human development index (HDI)

a tool developed by the UN to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. it provides a single statistic based on 3 dimensions (long and healthy life, knowledge, decent standard of living), and 4 indicators (life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and GNI per capita)

life expectancy at birth