Chapter8(Trauma&Maltreatment)SV

Stress

When the demands on the individual exceed available resources.

Coping

The process of regulating our stress.

HPA Axis

The system involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland that regulates stress responses.

Cortisol

The body’s main stress hormone.

Allostasis

The process of maintaining homeostasis.

Allostatic Load

Wear and tear to the body and brain due to allostatic processes.

Toxic Stress

Stress responses that can lead to permanent changes in physiology.

Maltreatment

Caregiver behaviors that violate the rights of their child.

Types of Maltreatment

Includes Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, and Neglect.

Prevalence of Child Maltreatment

Occurs in approximately 12-13% of children.

Risk Factors for Maltreatment

Includes a parent who was maltreated as a child and having a disability or developmental delay.

Failure to Thrive

A possible outcome of maltreatment, particularly in infants.

Biological Issues from Maltreatment

Includes alterations in brain structure and activity.

Cognitive Issues due to Maltreatment

Encompasses problems in autobiographical memory and planning/regulation.

Social Information Processing

Can be affected by maltreatment, leading to Hostile Attribution Bias.

Disorganized Attachment

An outcome related to emotional issues from maltreatment.

PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)

Characterized by exposure to traumatic events and symptoms like intrusion and avoidance.

Acute Stress Disorder

Diagnosed with symptoms lasting less than a month.

Cognitive Appraisals

Beliefs and interpretations about trauma that can affect PTSD severity.

Short-Term Effects of Trauma

Can include problems with psychosocial adaptation.

Long-Term Effects of Trauma

May lead to internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Psychological First Aid

A strategy to foster safety and promote calm in trauma survivors.

Trauma-Focused CBT

Therapy that teaches new coping methods for dealing with trauma.

Developmental Trauma Disorder

A proposed diagnosis focusing on trauma exposure and resulting impairments.

Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Developmental Trauma Disorder

Includes trauma exposure, dysregulation, negative attributions, and functional impairments.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

A preventive intervention targeting at-risk families.

Comorbidity with PTSD

Commonly includes anxiety and depression.

Emotional Issues related to Maltreatment

Can lead to anxiety/mood disorders.

Behavioral Issues from Maltreatment

Includes Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorders.

Poly-victimization

Exposure to multiple forms of victimization.

Emotional Problems Risk Pathways

Includes dangerous community and family environments.

Avoidance in PTSD

Refers to avoiding stimuli or events related to trauma.

Changes in Arousal and Reactivity

Symptoms often associated with PTSD.

Consequences of Toxic Stress

Can lead to permanent physiological changes.