HSC 210 Anatomy Lecture Midterm 2 Practice Questions

What type of epithelium is respiratory mucosa?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what type of epithelium is oral mucosa?

stratified squamous epithelium

what part of the tooth is the gingiva found in

the neck

what is the top layer of the tooth called?

enamel

during a root canal, what is removed?

the pulp cavity

how many cuspid teeth do you have?

4

how many molars do you have?

12

muscles of mastication: are most muscle in your mouth meant for opening or closing?

closing

what gland is at the back of your mouth

parotid glands

what allows the taste bud to taste

gustatory hairs/cells

the top of the uvula is ____________, and the bottom is _____________

pseudostratified columnar (respiratory mucosa), stratified squamous epithelium

what is the first sphincter you encounter in the body when digesting food

upper esophageal sphincter (at the top of your throat)

which layer of the esophagus has exocrine glands and secretes bases

sub mucosal

what part of the mucosa is there for structural support and provides nerves and blood supply

lamina propia

what part of the mucosa generates peristalsis

muscularis externa

what is the first sphincter in the stomach

cardiac sphincter

where does the stomach narrow

antrum

what cells secrete HCL (hydrochloric acid)

parietal cells

what type of cells do people with ulcers not have enough of (not covered)

mucosa neck cell

how do you fix GERD

proton pump inhibitors (target HCl)

what is the middle part of the small intestine called

jejunum

what is the most common problem with celiac disease

malnutrition due to damaged villi

what is the start of the large intestine called

cecum

whats the purpose of colonocytes (not covered)

absorbs water and electrolytes

what part of the large intestine does the appendix hang off of

cecum

which sphincter is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

internal anal sphincter

what is the purpose of the rectal valves

passive control structures

in arteries, what does the subendothelial layer do

provide support

what do arteries have that veins don't

elastic lamina

where are elastic arteries found

close to the heart

what does elastic lamina do for the artery

allows it to be springy

aortic dissection rips open what layer

endothelium layer

muscular arteries control what?

blood flow to organs and limbs

what is the last artery you hit before capillaries and controls blood flow into the capillaries?

arterioles

intercellular clefts are mostly...

closed

what is constantly leaking out of capilaries?

plasma

pulmonary edema is caused by

leaky capillaries causing heart congestion

where does fluid leak into during pulmonary edema?

into lung tissue then into air sacs

how do you treat pulmonary edema

diuretics

pressure in the veins is ____ than in arteries

LOWER

what do veins have that arteries dont?

valves

what is contained inside the tunica externa?

veins, arteries, and nerves (blood vessels)

What causes varicose veins?

faulty venous valve

where do we find venules?

after capillaries bed

where is the heart held?

mediastinum

what type of connective tissue is fibrous pericardium?

dense irregular connective tissue

what are the two parts of the serous pericardium?

parietal layer and visceral layer

what type of cell is the endocardium?

simple squamous

what valve attatches the left atrium to the left ventricle?

bicuspid valve

does the pulmonary vein contain oxygenated blood?

YES

what valves close during S1?

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

What is pumping during S1?

ventricles

what is filling during S2?

ventricles

whats another name for the mitral valve?

bicuspid valve

what causes a heart murmor

valve prolapse

what are the symptoms of someone with patent formane ovale?

reduced capacity to do anything requiring oxygen

with the open foramen ovale, where does blood flow?

right atrium to left atrium

what part of the baby's heart has the highest pressure?

right side

Where does blood go if the ductus arteriosus is open in babies?

pulmonary artery to aorta

where does blood go if the ductus arteriosus is open in adults?

aorta pulomonary artery

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A structure in embryo connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.

what do enterocytes have on them that make them good at absorbing?

microvilli

what are the three parts of the upper respiratory track?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

cilia have what job in the respiratory mucosa?

move mucus around

What is rhinitis?

inflammation of the nose causing a runny nose

how does sudafed treat a runny nose?

restricts blood flow

what's another word for nasal concha?

turbinates

where are the maxillary sinuses found

below the eyes

what is sinusitis?

inflammation of the sinuses

what tonsil is most blamed for respiratory problems?

pharyngeal tonsil

which cartilage wraps all the way around the larynx?

cricoid cartilage

what cartilage acts as a posterior anchor for vocal cords?

arytenoid cartilage

how does your mouth make sound?

rubbing of vocal folds

what type of cartilage makes the trachea?

hyaline cartilage

what type of cartilage makes up the epiglottis?

elastic cartilage

terminal bronchiole do not have...

alveoli

respiratory bronchiole do not have..

respiratory mucosa

condition where lungs are filling with fluid is called

pleural effusion

what type of cell is in between each olfactory cell?

supporting cells

Where is the epiglottis located?

larynx, hypopharynx

what aspect of the larynx does the thyroid cartilage block?

the front of the larynx

what are the bumps called on the large intestine

haustra

What type of artery is best at handling large changes in pressure?

elastic arteries (like the aorta)

what kind of epithelium is found in oral mucosa?

stratified squamous

what are the smallest airways that have respiratory mucosa but do not have alveoli?

terminal bronchioles

how many incisors do you have?

8

what structure controls food entering the small intestine of the stomach?

pyloric sphincter

what cell in the small intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients?

enterocyte

the vasalva maneuver can lead to a short term ______________ in blood pressure in the brain, but a _______________ in blood pressure if it is held for too long

increase
decrease

chemical digestion starts in the mouth with saliva, which contains _____________, an enzyme that breaks down starches

amylase

Blood first enters the hepatic lobule through what vessel?

portal vein

the majority of nephrons are located in the cortex of the _________

kidney

the internal anal sphincter is made up of ______ muscle

smooth muscle

the external anal sphincter is made up of _________ muscle

skeletal muscle

what is the primary treatment for ARDS?

mechanical ventilation

under the theory we learned in class, what structure do we think SARS-CoV2 primarily attacks?

capillaries

Veins take blood ______ the heart

BACK to the heart

Arteries take blood ______ from the heart

AWAY from

arteries have _________ tunica media compared to veins

thicker

arteries do not have _________, but veins do

valves