Midterm review

midterm review

dehydration

removes water to bring things together

hydrolysis

releases energy, adds water to break things apart

structure of glucose

6-ring carbon (C6H12O6) monosaccharide

function of glucose

quick energy, used in Krebs Cycle/reactions with or without oxygen

structures when creating proteins

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary structure

linear chain of amino acids

secondary structure

chain folds, becomes 2D

tertiary structure

continues to fold, 3D arrangement of polypeptide chains

quarternary structure

sub-units join together

what makes each amino acid different?

r-groups

denaturing

the breaking down of an enzyme; caused by change in temp./PH

what makes up a nucleotide?

amino acids

function of each organelle

following cards have the organelles in question ;)

Golgi apparatus

central intracellular membrane-bound organelle with key functions in trafficking, processing, and sorting of newly synthesized membrane and secretory proteins and lipids. Golgi membranes form a unique stacked structure.

rough ER

Covered in Ribosomes, produces proteins for cell.

smooth ER

tube-like structure near cell periphery, stores enzymes.

vacuoles

membrane bound, help remove waste in animals, maintain water balance in plants.

nucleus

largest organelle,  It houses the genome, and through gene expression, it co-ordinates the activities of the cell.

cytoplasm

gel-like fluid inside the cell, medium for chemical reactions, provides platform for other organelles to operate.

ribosomes

intercellular, made of RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

lysosomes

membrane bound, contains digestive enzymes

membrane

separates the interior of the cell from its environment. Semi permeable lipid bilayer, regulates materials entering/leaving cell

vesicles

consists of fluid enclosed by lipid bilayer. Transport materials within cytoplasm

mitochondria

 membrane bound, produces ATP

how do we know that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells? 

the endosymbiotic theory- multiple eukaryotic cells join into one and have a symbiotic relationship

catabolism

breaks molecules down into smaller units, can be oxidized or used in anabolic reactions

anabolism

constructs molecules from smaller units, requires energy (endergonic), building up

metabolism

life-sustaining chemical reactions, converts food to energy

lock & key method

Enzyme must match active site in order to bond and form a reaction.

what are inhibitors

inhibitors bind to enzymes to prevent enzyme reactions (can be competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive)

why does cell size matter?

Smaller size allows for more efficient transport across the cell.

osmosis

balances levels of water and intracellular fluids to stabilize internal environment.

diffusion

net movement from high concentration to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. Selective membrane chooses what can pass through

active transport

movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy

carrier proteins

Transport proteins along protein channel, creates conformational changes while moving across the membrane.

exocytosis

contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.

endocytosis

taking in matter to form vacuole.

protein channel

special arrangement of amino acids which embeds in the cell membrane, providing a hydrophilic passageway for water and small, polar ions

protein pump

protein that is capable of pumping out compounds that could pose a threat to the cell

cellular respiration

chemical reactions turning glucose to ATP

photosynthesis

Converts light energy into food

isotonic

**same** concentration of solutes as another solution across a semipermeable membrane.

hypotonic

having a **lower** osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (hypo- low)

hypertonic

having a **higher** osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid. (hyper- higher)

steps of signal transduction:

reception, transduction, response

reception

a cell detects a signal in the environment

transduction

 activating a series of proteins inside the cell from the cell membrane

response

change in behavior that occurs in the cell as a result of the signal (cells can choose whether or not to respond)

CAM plant

collect sunlight during the day and fix CO2 molecules (photosynthesize) at night

C3 plant

3 carbon compound

C4 plant

4 carbon compound, splits into a 3-carbon compound for the Calvin cycle

steps of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis

2. Citric acid/Krebs cycle

3. ETC

4. oxidative phosphorylation

steps of photosynthesis

1. absorption of light

2. Transfer of electrons

3. ATP

4. Carbon fixation