Period 3: Terms List B

First Industrial Revolution

Period of time in which manufacturing shifted from handmade goods to things built in factories by machines.

Second Industrial Revolution

Shift in focus on electricity, gasoline, and large-scale industrial manufacturing.

Enclosure

Landowners built fences or hedges and used fields for crops, pushing tenants off that land.

Sepoys

Indian soldier, trained in European warfare, who served in the British army.

Raj

Period/government that gave Britain direct control over India, removing the British East India Company from its control from 1858-1947.

Settler Colony

Colony in which people from the home country create permanent homes and communities, often allowing colonists to dominate government, society, and economy.

Boer War (1899-1902)

Conflict between British and Dutch Afrikaner/Boers in South Africa over control of land rich in minerals.

Tanzimat Reforms

Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876 to maintain control over its territory.

Suez Canal

Built to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas, making transportation faster and easier between Europe and Asia.

Opium Wars

Fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 over the British selling opium in China.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan, seeking to overthrow the Qing dynasty.

Boxer Rebellion

Resistance movement in China in 1900 attempting to expel foreigners, defeated by joint military forces.

Meiji Restoration

Power of the emperor restored from shogunate in 1868, attempting to systematically industrialize while maintaining culture.

Social Darwinism

Theory suggesting social status is determined by inherent abilities, blaming social class on individual choices.

Chinese Exclusion Act

American law passed in 1882 banning Chinese immigration to protect American jobs and culture.

White Australia Policy

Policy encouraging European immigration while limiting or preventing immigration from others.

Indentured Servitude

Labor system where a person works off a debt for a set period before being freed.

British East India Company

British trading company that controlled trade in tea, opium, and had its own military in India.

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading company focusing on goods from Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

Corvée Labor

Forced labor system where people work to pay taxes.

Berlin Conference

Meeting to settle European claims to territories in Africa without African representation.

Afrikaner

South African person descended from Dutch or French colonists, often resisting British control.

Sphere of Influence

Area where a foreign government has power but is not part of that state's territory.

Penal Colony

Area established to house prisoners outside of the home country.

Treaty of Waitangi

Agreement between British and Maori designed to settle disputes over colonization in New Zealand.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy declaring the Americas free from European colonization, developed by President Monroe in 1823.

Pan-Africanism

Movement advocating unity among people of African descent for shared interests.

Ethnic Enclave

Practice where immigrants live separately from other cultures, forming neighborhoods.

Paternalism

Belief that Europeans and white Americans control people of color like a father controls his family.