APUSH period 1&2

Conflicting Worldviews between Europeans and Native Americans

single vs. multi-deities and matrilineage vs. patriarchy.

English Policy

A colonial strategy aimed at expelling Native Americans, shifting from initial coexistence and trade to seizing land and forcing tribes inland.

French Policy

A colonial strategy focused on obtaining furs and converting natives to Catholicism, maintaining good trade relations with tribes like the Huron.

Three Sisters Farming

An agricultural practice adapted from Native Americans and utilized by European settlers.

Native American Survival Strategies

Methods used by Native Americans to respond to colonization, including allying with European powers, migrating west, adapting farming techniques, and assimilating.

Rice Cultivation

A major agricultural crop introduced with African labor in the colonies of South Carolina and Louisiana.

Maize

A crop (corn) that supported larger populations and permanent settlements among Native Americans prior to European contact, and later improved food supplies, nutrition, and population growth in Europe.

Three Sisters Farming

An agricultural practice combining the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash.

Animism

The religious belief shared by most Native Americans involving multiple deities connected to nature.

Cahokia

A major permanent settlement of the Mississippian culture, known for its large earthen mounds.

Pueblo

A Southwest Native American culture adapted to a dry climate by utilizing irrigation farming, building clay houses, and living under cliffs to support large settlements.

Ute

A Native American group in the Great Plains that adapted to grasslands and limited arable land by adopting a nomadic lifestyle following the buffalo.

Iroquois

A Native American group in the Northeast that established political alliances to increase cooperation and security among nations connected by rivers.

Iroquois Confederation

An alliance formed by several Native American tribes in the Northeast who lived in matrilineal longhouses.

Motives for European Exploration

wealth (gold and silver), military competition, and Christianity.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty in which the Pope drew a line of demarcation assigning lands west of the line to Spain and lands east (including Brazil) to Portugal.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World following European contact with the Americas.

Smallpox

A European disease introduced during the Columbian Exchange that devastated Native American populations due to their lack of immunity.

Hernán Cortés

The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire and its capital city of Tenochtitlan.

Francisco Pizarro

The Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in South America.

Conquistadors

Spanish military conquerors who defeated Native American societies and expanded Spanish territorial claims in the Americas.

Giovanni da Verrazzano

An Italian navigator sponsored by the French monarch in 1524 to explore the eastern coast of North America.

Jacques Cartier

A French explorer whose voyages navigated and explored the St. Lawrence River.

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer who attempted and failed to establish an early colonial settlement at Roanoke Island.

Encomienda system

A colonial labor system in which Spanish conquistadors were rewarded with land and forced Native American workers to mine silver and produce cash crops such as tobacco and sugar.

Repartimiento System

A colonial Spanish system requiring Native American communities to supply adult male laborers every year.

Asiento System

A Spanish system in which colonists paid a tax to the Spanish king on each enslaved African person imported to the Americas.

Middle Passage

A leg of the Trans-Atlantic trade route involving the forced migration of Africans transported to the Americas for coerced labor on plantations and in mines.

Casta System

A hierarchical social structure developed by the Spanish that defined the status of diverse populations, ranking pure Spaniards at the top, mixed heritages like mestizos in the middle, and pure Native Americans or Africans at the bottom.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Spanish advocate for better treatment of Native Americans who persuaded the Spanish king to institute the New Laws of 1542.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

A Spanish figure in the Valladolid Debate who argued that Native Americans were naturally or biologically inferior and less than human.

Valladolid Debate

A formal debate held in Valladolid concerning the moral and legal role of Native Americans in Spanish colonies.

New Laws of 1542

Spanish laws instituting reforms that ended Indian slavery and began to end the encomienda system, though parts were later repealed.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which Spain and other European empires established colonies to gain wealth, exploit resources, and increase imperial power.

New England Colonies (Key Colonies)

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.

New England Colonies (Primary Reasons for Settlement)

Settled by Pilgrims.

New England Colonies (Geography)

Dense forest and Atlantic access leading to rivers and fertile soils.

New England Colonies (Economic Activities)

Small scale farming, trade, shipping, export fish, and a diverse economy.

New England Colonies (Predominant Religion)

Puritans.

New England Colonies (Unique Traits)

Subsistence family farming.

Middle Colonies (Key Colonies)

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Middle Colonies (Primary Reasons for Settlement)

To close the gap between the New England and Chesapeake colonies.

Middle Colonies (Geography)

Dense forest and Atlantic Ocean access leading to rivers and fertile soils.

Middle Colonies (Economic Activities)

Medium scale farming, trade, and grain plantations.

Middle Colonies (Religious Outlook)

Religiously diverse.

The Middle Colonies (unique Trait)

"Breadbasket" - characterizing the colonies due to their major grain production.

Chesapeake Colonies (Key Colonies/Figures)

Jamestown and Maryland.

Chesapeake Colonies (Primary Reasons for Settlement)

To find gold.

Chesapeake Colonies (Geography)

Dense forest and Atlantic access leading to rivers and fertile forests.

Chesapeake Colonies (Economic Activities)

Tobacco plantations.

Chesapeake Colonies (Religious Outlook)

Anglican, with some Catholics and Jews.

Chesapeake Colonies (Unique Traits)

Stratified society.

Southern Colonies (Key Colonies)

South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia.

Southern Colonies (Primary Reasons for Settlement)

Slave and indentured servants based plantations.

Southern Colonies (Geography)

Fertile soil and dense forests near Atlantic Ocean and rivers.

Southern Colonies (Economic Activities)

Slave trade, along with rice, tobacco, and indigo plantation cash crops.

Southern Colonies (Predominant Religion)

Anglicans.

Southern Colonies (Unique Traits)

Agricultural economy where most people lived on small subsistence farms.