Industrial Revolution -- Study Guide Questions
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In the 18th century, what percentage of the people lived in cities?
25%
Life expectancy in the 18th century was relatively short. What was the life expectancy for most people in the 18th century?
40
Why were families so small before the Industrial Revolution?
A high infant mortality rate
What did most people do to make a living before the Industrial Revolution?
Agricultural work
Who owned the land in pre-industrial villages?
Rich landowners who lived in estates and rented the land to farmers.
What is a localized economy?
An economy that trades within limited distance
What were some of the early industries in the villages before the Industrial Revolution?
Glass, iron, cloth
What nation characteristics made Great Britain to become the leader of the Industrial Revolution?
Its agricultural revolution; success in farming providing capital to invest into industry, natural resources were accessible, and a sufficient labor force.
What was the Enclosure movement?
A legal process in which laws were passed that allowed landowners to fence private and public lands, increasing the landowners’ own estates.
How did the Enclosure Movement impact agriculture and the Industrial revolution?
It allowed the wealthy landowners to develop new breeding techniques and tools
Why were cotton textiles more desirable than wool textiles?
The production of wool was inefficient. ALSO: wool stayed wet for long, shrunk when dry, was uncomfortable, and increased in weight when wet.
What is a factory?
A large building that houses machinery used for mass production
What was the early power source for the 1st factories?
Rivers
Why was steel important?
It was a good metal of industry due to its strength; it allowed for the construction of large buildings, bridges, etc.
What is the domestic system?
A system of production in which work was subcontracted to individuals and households
Who was John Kay?
A British clock maker who improved the old loom by creating his “flying shuttle.”
Who was James Hargreaves?
He created the “spinning jenny,” which allowed more thread to be spun at a faster rate (7x more at once)
Who was Richard Arkwright?
Developed the water frame, a large spinning machine run from water power
Who was Samuel Crompton?
He combined the “spinning jenny” and the “water frame” to create a machine called the the “cotton mule"
Who was Edmund Cartwright?
Invented the powerloom, which helped deal with a shortage of weavers. It ran on either horse, water, or steampower.
Who was Eli Whitney?
An American who invented the cotton gin, which could clean and de-seed cotton more than 50x faster than a human. Made the price of raw cotton decrease.
Who was James Watt?
Designed and created a steam engine. With this invention, factories could be built anywhere, not just rivers.
Who was Henry Cort?
Began to use coal to produce a better quality iron in 1783.
Who were William Kelley and Sir Henry Bessemer?
Created a way to inexpensively create steel from iron in the 1850s
Who was Robert Fulton?
An American who designed and created the first steamboat— Clermont
Who was Richard Trevithick?
Developed a steam powered carriage to travel across land
Who was Samuel Slater?
Person who smuggled British industrial secrets to the U.S. This brought the Industrial Revolution to the United States.
Why did France have such a difficult time in developing industry?
The French Revolution stunted its economy and population
What nation helped Germany become an industrial power?
Great Britain
Where did industry develop in the U.S.?
Northeast
What could manufacturers do to increase their profits and production?
Replace humans with machines
Capitalism
An economic system where individuals or private firms own the means of production
Who was Frederick Taylor?
Developed the idea of Division of Labor — dividing up tasks into a step-by-step procedure (which led to the assembly line)
What is the business cycle?
Alternating periods of expansion and decline
Who was Samuel Morse?
An American inventor who created the telegraph and morse code
Who was Guglielmo Marconi?
An Italian inventor who created the wireless telegraph (radio)
Who was Alexander Graham Bell?
Teacher of the deaf, created the telephone
Who was Michael Faraday?
A British chemist who discovered that by moving a magnet through coiled wire produced an electric current (led to idea of electric motor)
Who was Thomas Edison?
Invented the phonograph (records sound) and the light bulb
Who was Gottlieb Daimler?
A German engineer who created the internal combustion engine to run off of gasoline
Rudolph Diesel
A German engineer who created an OIL-BURNING internal combustion engine
Who was Ferdinand von Zeppelin?
Streamlined the dirigible (blimp)
Who were the Wright brothers?
Created the first powered flying machine
What did the middle class attribute their success?
The Industrial Revolution
Who made up most of the servants during the Industrial Revolution?
Women from the working class
At what age could children begin work in the factories?
6 years old
Did working class children get an education?
No
Working class housing was owned by whom?
The factory owners
Why did the working class create labor unions?
To get better living and working conditions