Respiratory & Digestive Systems

Anatomy B Exam #2

why is breathing important

provides O₂ which is crucial to make ATP and CO₂ is also eliminated from the body to

respiratory system

consists of a system of tubes that delivers air to lungs; O₂ goes into blood and CO₂ goes out of blood

how do respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together?

respiratory gets O₂ to blood which gets it to all the cells, and vice versa with CO₂

how do respiratory and urinary systems work together?

they work to regulate the body’s pH

average pH of the body?

7.4

pulmonologist

doctor for problems below the larynx; treat lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, black lung, and more

otorhinolaryngologist

doctor for above the larynx; also called ENT: ear, nose, throat doctor; treat deviated septum, tonsillitis, and other disorders

breathing

movement of air in&out of lungs

external respiration

gas diffusion taking place between alveoli and blood

internal respiration

gas diffusion taking place in systemic circulation, blood and cells

cellular respiration

gas exchange in mitochondria: O₂ to ATP

functions of respiratory system

O₂ & CO₂ exchange between blood & air

speech and vocalizations

provides sense of olfaction

affects pH of body by eliminating CO₂

provides sound phonations
creates pressure gradients (high to low)

valsalva maneuver

valsalva maneuver

holding breath helps expel abdominal contents, like during urination, defecation, & childbirth; you close airway when under strain

when lungs are expanded what happens?

breath in

when lungs are flattened what happens?

breath out

conducting division organs

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; any organ of respiratory system not involved in gas exchange

conducting division does what

transports air no gas exchange; air goes in & out; is through the nose to major bronchioles

functions of nose

warms, cleanses, humidifies inhaled air

detects odors

serves as resonating chamber that amplifies voice

partial cools exhaled air so body doesn’t lose much heat

which organ does this:

filters and traps dust particles in mucus which solidifies into boggers

nose

what happens to air by the time it gets to blood?

when air is inhaled it warms up by the time it goes to the alveoli to the temperature of blood

average body temperature

98.6 degrees of Fahrenheit

what happens to warm air

it expands

most common cartilage in the body

hyaline cartilage

what is a deviated septum

nasal septum is not lined up in the middle, can cause breathing issues and lead to sinus problems

rhinorrhea

runny nose

emphysema

alveolar walls break down and replaced with scar tissue; lung has larger but few alveoli so less membrane for gas exchange; lungs are also fibrotic and less elastic: healthy lungs are a sponge; emphysema lungs are a rigid balloon

healthy lungs on a x-ray appear …

unhealthy lungs on a x-ray appear…

black

gray or white

what happens when you hiccup?

the diaphragm is spasming, meaning it is involuntary contracting, causing the vocal cords to close briefly causing the sound

rhinoplasty

nose job, change the shape of nose surgically

roof of nasal cavity formed by

formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones

what forms the floor of the nasal cavity and what is it’s function?

hard palate forms it, in order to separate nasal cavity from oral cavity, allowing you to chew and breath as the same time

what two things drain into the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct

paranasal sinuses

lined with mucus membranes that secrete mucus into nasal cavity

nasolacrimal duct

drains tears into nasal cavity

cleft palate

hole in hard palate that can be fixed with stitches

vibrissae

guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose, and filter and humidify air

three folds of nasal conchae

superior, inferior, middle

function of nasal conchae

trap bad stuff and odor particles which help us smell; nasal conchae are narrow and turbulent thus making sure most air contacts mucous membranes helping clean, warm, and moisten air

how does olfaction work?

immobile cilia bind to odorant molecules

respiratory epithelium

lines the nasal cavity, expect vestibule, have GOBLET CELLS that secrete mucus and cilia propel mucus towards pharynx; more layers on mouth that’s why it is harder to get a mouth bleed

erectile tissue

extensive VENOUS PLEXUS in inferior concha; every 30-60 minutes erectile tissue swells with blood thus flow of air shifts nostrils 1-2 times an hour

Venous Plexus

lots of blood vessels closer to the surface in order to always secrete mucus

Epistasis

nose bleed; easier to get due to thin respiratory epithelium and venous plexus

larynx

helps keep food and drinks out of airway; has evolved to make sounds phonations

epiglottis

flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx; closes trachea when swallowing to direct food to esophagus

adam’s apple is what part of larynx

laryngeal prominence

why is the trachea not fully covered by the tracheal cartilage

as being partially closed allows for contraction and expansion, and for food to go down the esophagus

true vocal cords and what happens to them during puberty

are cords that produce sound when air passes through them; are vibrating

they get thick during puberty thus males lose the high pitch

low pitch

vocal cords are slack and slower vibrations

high pitch

vocal cords are stretched and vibrate faster

intrinsic muscles

control vocal cords, when air is forced between adducted vocal cords they vibrate making sounds

adult male vocal cords

longer, thicker, vibrate slower thus low pitch sounds

loudness

determined by the force of air passing between vocal cords

speech is

the tongue primarily making words and mouth helping to, and vibrations are present

whispering

when vocal cords are not vibrating but the mouth is making words

epiglottitis

inflamed epiglottis caused by bacteria or virus, thus no air to trachea thus none to lungs; George Washington died from this

laryngitis

inflamed larynx, lose your voice, thus get a squeaky voice; happens more in women as they have thinner vocal cords

trachea

windpipe anterior to esophagus

what supports the trachea

16-20 C shaped hyaline cartilage rings

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

inner lining of trachea, helps move stuff across surface

mucociliary escalator

mechanism for debris removal, brings dust, pathogens, and stuff up to oral cavity with help of mucus and cilia

smokers cough

is a result of cilia being paralyzed due to the cigarette or vape smoke leading to the mucociliary escalator not working leads to mucus with bad stuff to land on the craina resulting in a cough

tracheostomy

making a temporary opening in trachea inferior to larynx, insert a tube to allow airflow, prevents asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

intubation

insert a tube in trachea to make sure the airway is open and no aspiration happens; usually done before a surgery

aspiration

food or fluids breathed into lungs

which lung is infected more often?

right lung as right bronchus more vertical so aspirated objects end up here more often causing infection

right main bronchus

wide and vertical

left main bronchus

narrow and horizontal

what surrounds alveoli, helping with rapid gas diffusion

thin epithelium

squamous (type 1) alveolar cells

thin, broad cells that allow for rapid gas diffusion between alveoli and blood, cover 95% of alveolar surface area

great (type 2) alveolar cells

secrete pulmonary surfactant

pulmonary surfactant

mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coat alveoli and prevent collapse during exhalation; is hydrophobic

neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

babies are born premature thus lack the surfactant, so wear an O₂ mask to help lungs and give time to make the surfactant

alveolar macrophages

keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles

dust mite

eat dead skin cells

why is it important for liquid to not accumulate in alveoli

gas would diffuse slowly through the liquid and not get to the blood as quickly

how are alveoli kept dry

surfactant, absorption of excess liquid by blood capillaries, lots of lymphatic drainage

low hydrostatic pressure

is from the heart keeps the alveoli from popping as they would under high pressure

visceral pleura

attaches to lungs

parietal pleura

attaches to thoracic wall

pleural cavity

in between visceral and parietal pleura filled with pleural fluid

functions of pleura & pleural fluid

reduce friction, create pressure gradient, compartmentalization

pressure gradient in pleura

-4 mm Hg in pleural cavity helps lungs stick to chest cavity and inflates lungs

compartmentalization

separation in chest cavity to prevent spread of infection from one organ to another

Pleurisy

pleura membranes inflamed harder to breathe as lungs don’t expand, usually happens in left lung

pulmonary ventilation

breathing, consists of repetitive cycle: one cycle inspiration and expiration

respiratory cycle

one complete inspiration and expiration

quiet respiration

while at rest, effortless, & automatic (eupena)

forced respiration

deep, rapid, breathing, such as during exercise; use diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles; increase thoracic volume by a lot

flow of air dependent on

pressure difference between air pressure within lungs and outside body

breathing muscles

change volume and create differences in pressure relative to atmosphere

diaphragm

prime mover of respiration, 2/3 of inspiration responsibility

external intercostals

synergistic to diaphragm, 1/3 of inspiration responsibility

accessory muscles of breathing act when

mainly act during forced respiration

costal breathing

use external intercostals for 2/3 and diaphragm for 1/3 for inspiration; during pregnancy as fetus pushes against diaphragm

valsalva maneuver

close of glottis & compress abdominal muscles, decrease volume of abdominal cavity and increases pressure, things go from high to low, thus things go out form the high pressure

when is valsalva maneuver used?

childbirth, urination, defecation, vomiting (is different as glottis is open during vomiting)

breathing depends on

repetitive stimuli of skeletal muscles from brain

unconscious breathing controlled by…

medulla oblongata (sets rhythm) and pons

conscious breathing controlled by…

frontal lobe (controls skeletal muscles so one can stop breathing and pass out)