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functionalism
school of thought that emphasizes the purpose of behavior
mary calkins
first female president of the APA
stanley hall
first president of the APA 1st journal
william james
functionalist and father of american psychology
inferential statistics
ways of using statistical tests to make inferences
afferent (sensory) neurons
a - arrive/at
brings information to the brain
efferent (motor)
e - exit
sends information from the brain to the rest of the body
interneurons
the relay station between motor and sensory neurons
limbic system (HATH)
hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus
left hemisphere
language; if a picture was shown to the right eye and processed in the left hemisphere, the person can say what they see
right hemisphere
creativity; if a picture was shown to the left eye and processed in the right hemisphere, the person cannot say what they see
twin studies
identical twins - monozygotic (MZ)
fraternal twins - dizygotic (DZ)
freud’s wish fulfillment
latent content - hidden meaning
manifest content - dream content
top-down processing
using previous knowledge to perceive things
bottom-up processing
takes sensory information and assembles it
law of effect
behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant or punishing consequences are less likely to be repeated
insight learning
a sudden realization of a solution to a problem (chimps stacking crates to get banana)
noam chomsky
innate language/universal grammar
stated that language is innate and we are predisposed to learn it
whorf
linguistic determinism
stated that language influences how we think
inductive reasoning
specific to general information
deductive information
general to specific information
triarchic theory
sternberg; analytical, practical, and creative
IQ formula
mental age over chronological age times 100
down syndrome
extra copy of 21st chromosome
teratogens
outside factors that can cause abnormal prenatal development
secure attachment
kid gets upset when mom leaves and is easily calmed on return
avoidant attachment
avoids mom and does not care when she leaves
ambivalent attachment
avoids mom and freaks out when she leaves
disorganized attachment
confused, fearful, dazed—result of abuse
social learning theory
we learn gender roles and identity from people around us
lateral hypothalamus
when stimulated, makes you hungry
ventromedial hypothalamus
when stimulated, you feel full
james-lange theory
physiological action happens before the emotions
cannon-bard theory
physiological action and emotion occur at the same time
lazarus
cognitive appraisal/labeling causes a physiological response and emotion
schacter-singer
physiological action and cognitive labeling = emotion
id
unconscious, devil on the shoulder
superego
moral conscious, angel on shoulder
ego
mediator
reciprocal determinism
a person’s thoughts, behaviors, and enviornment influence each other
rational-emotive therapy
a form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings
central route to persuasion
in depth checking of validity
peripheral route to persuasion
surface level checking