psych terms

functionalism

school of thought that emphasizes the purpose of behavior

mary calkins

first female president of the APA

stanley hall

first president of the APA 1st journal

william james

functionalist and father of american psychology

inferential statistics

ways of using statistical tests to make inferences

afferent (sensory) neurons

a - arrive/at

brings information to the brain

efferent (motor)

e - exit

sends information from the brain to the rest of the body

interneurons

the relay station between motor and sensory neurons

limbic system (HATH)

hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus

left hemisphere

language; if a picture was shown to the right eye and processed in the left hemisphere, the person can say what they see

right hemisphere

creativity; if a picture was shown to the left eye and processed in the right hemisphere, the person cannot say what they see

twin studies

identical twins - monozygotic (MZ)

fraternal twins - dizygotic (DZ)

freud’s wish fulfillment

latent content - hidden meaning

manifest content - dream content

top-down processing

using previous knowledge to perceive things

bottom-up processing

takes sensory information and assembles it

law of effect

behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant or punishing consequences are less likely to be repeated

insight learning

a sudden realization of a solution to a problem (chimps stacking crates to get banana)

noam chomsky

innate language/universal grammar

stated that language is innate and we are predisposed to learn it

whorf

linguistic determinism

stated that language influences how we think

inductive reasoning

specific to general information

deductive information

general to specific information

triarchic theory

sternberg; analytical, practical, and creative

IQ formula

mental age over chronological age times 100

down syndrome

extra copy of 21st chromosome

teratogens

outside factors that can cause abnormal prenatal development

secure attachment

kid gets upset when mom leaves and is easily calmed on return

avoidant attachment

avoids mom and does not care when she leaves

ambivalent attachment

avoids mom and freaks out when she leaves

disorganized attachment

confused, fearful, dazed—result of abuse

social learning theory

we learn gender roles and identity from people around us

lateral hypothalamus

when stimulated, makes you hungry

ventromedial hypothalamus

when stimulated, you feel full

james-lange theory

physiological action happens before the emotions

cannon-bard theory

physiological action and emotion occur at the same time

lazarus

cognitive appraisal/labeling causes a physiological response and emotion

schacter-singer

physiological action and cognitive labeling = emotion

id

unconscious, devil on the shoulder

superego

moral conscious, angel on shoulder

ego

mediator

reciprocal determinism

a person’s thoughts, behaviors, and enviornment influence each other

rational-emotive therapy

a form of psychotherapy that helps you identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings

central route to persuasion

in depth checking of validity

peripheral route to persuasion

surface level checking