AP Bio Unit 2

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 51 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/66

flashcard set

Earn XP

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

67 Terms

1
New cards

Eukaryotes

Organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, DNA in nucleus

2
New cards

Prokaryotes

Single celled organisms that do not contain nuclei and instead store DNA in the nucleoid. Also does not have membrane-bound organelles.

3
New cards

Plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells. A "fluid mosaic" made of phospholipids, macromolecules, and proteins

4
New cards

Cell Wall

made up of carbs, surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms

5
New cards

Cytoplasm

jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

6
New cards

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

7
New cards

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis, either found in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER. Not membrane bound, made of rRNA and proteins.

8
New cards

Rough ER

Network of membrane tubes studded with ribosomes; proteins are synthesized and packaged for possible export to the golgi.

9
New cards

Smooth ER

Network of membrane tubes; detoxifies cell, stores calcium ions, and is involved in lipid synthesis.

10
New cards

Golgi complex

Flattened membrane-bound sacs, receives and modifies proteins, preparing them for possible export out of the cell

11
New cards

Mitochondria

Double-membraned organelle, site of cellular respiration, or ATP energy production.

12
New cards

Lysosomes

Membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes used to digest macromolecules or break them down to reusable materials (monomers), acidic pH

13
New cards

Vacuoles

A membrane bound sac with a variety of uses; can store water/macromolecules, release waste, etc

14
New cards

Chloroplasts

Found in plant cells, a double membraned organelle that is the site of photosynthesis

15
New cards

Nuclear envelope

double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

16
New cards

Nuclear pores

Channels in the nuclear envelope that allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, connecting layers of the double membrane

17
New cards

Nucleoid

dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

18
New cards

Nucleoli

Dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus.

19
New cards

Food vacuoles

fuses with lysosomes, uses enzymes to digest food

20
New cards

Contractile vacuoles

works to pump excess water out of a cell

21
New cards

Central vacuoles (plants)

formed by the merging of smaller vacuoles, play a major role in plant growth, store inorganic ions

22
New cards

Hydrolytic enzymes

found in lysosomes that speed up/aid in the breakdown of chemical bonds through hydrolysis

23
New cards

Cilia

Locomotor appendages that are short and numerous, can move fluid and receive signals

24
New cards

Flagella

Locomotor appendages that are long and whip-like, move like a fish tale, not many

25
New cards

Plasmodesmata

channels through plant cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

26
New cards

Lumen


the space inside of an organelle, the space in the rough ER

27
New cards

Glycoproteins

have covalently bonded carbohydrate chains

28
New cards

Secretory proteins

destined for release from the cell

29
New cards

Peripheral proteins

loosely bound to the membrane surface or attached to an integral protein

30
New cards

Integral proteins

penetrate the lipid bilayer, usually spans the entire membrane

31
New cards

thylakoid

folded membrane compartments in stacks called grana, light dependent photosyntheisis reactions

32
New cards

stroma

fluid between inner chloroplast membrane and outer thylakoids, carbon fixation reactions

33
New cards

microvilli

projections that increase the cells surfact area

34
New cards

microtubules

hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells

35
New cards

cytoskeleton

network whos components are made of proteins that holds the cell together, helps to keep its shape, aids in movement

36
New cards

centrosome

region where the cells microtubules are initiated

37
New cards

chromatin

material consisting of DNA and proteins, visible as chromosomes in dividing cells

38
New cards

endoplasmic reticulum

network of membrane tubes in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

39
New cards

small cell size

easy to move materials in/out, smaller cell = more SA-V ratio

40
New cards

osmosis

diffusion specifically for water

41
New cards

isotonic

free water = solution, flacid

42
New cards

hypotonic

free water > solution, low concentration moves to high, turgid

43
New cards

hypertonic

free water < solution, high concentration moves to low, plasmolysis

44
New cards

fluid mosaic model

proteins bobbing in a fluid lipid bilayer of phospholipids, held together by hydrophobic interactions

45
New cards

aquaporins

channel proteins to help water get through plasma membrane

46
New cards

diffusion

movement of molecules from high to low concentration, small nonpolar molecules

47
New cards

concentration gradient

region along which the density of a substance increases/decreases

48
New cards

passive transport

moving down concentration gradient, doesnt require energy

49
New cards

osmosis

diffusion specifically for water, going from less concentrated solution to more for equilibrium

50
New cards

facilitated diffusion

high to low concentration with transport proteins, hydrophilic and charged ions

51
New cards

active transport

requires energy to move molecule up concentration gradient

52
New cards

membrane potential

voltage across a membrane

53
New cards

electrochemical gradient

chemical force (concentration gradient) and electrical force (effect of membrane potential on ions movement)

54
New cards

endocytosis

vesicle forms and transports macromolecules into cell (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)

55
New cards

exocytosis

vesicle transports macromolecules out of plasma membrane

56
New cards

cholesterol

steroid, randomly wedged between phospholipids, regulates bilayer fluidity

57
New cards

selectively permeable

small nonpolar can pass freely, hydrophilic/large polar cant pass freely

58
New cards

phagocytosis

cell takes in large particles

59
New cards

pinocytosis

cell takes in extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances

60
New cards

receptor mediated endocytosis

receptor proteins on the cell membrane are used to capture specific target molecules

61
New cards

tonicity

measure of the relative concentration of solute between two solutions

62
New cards

turgor pressure

cell wall expands and puts pressure on cell

63
New cards

water potential

measure of how likely water is to move from one location to another (solute and pressure potwntial)

64
New cards

solute potential

greater concentration of a solute, lower the water potential, inverse relationship, highest is zero

65
New cards

pressure potential

physical pressure increases water potential, direct relationship

66
New cards

compartmentalization

allows various metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions to occur simultaneously, increasing cell efficiency

67
New cards

endosymbiosis

one organism lives inside the other, internalization of prokaryotes by ancestral eukaryotes resulting in formation of mitochondria and chloroplast