AMSCO - 5.5 Reading Notes - AP History

Describe why the distribution of goods was able to take place as the Industrial Revolution spread.

The steam engine and then the internal combustion engine, powering railroads, ships, and factories, increased access to resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce.

What was the second industrial revolution?

It involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics.

What made instantaneous communication a reality?

The telephone and radio.

Why was the coal power significant, and what major innovations used it?

It created steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories. Within 50 years, steam was producing power for steam powered trains.

What revolutionized sailing?

Steamships

What were the advantages of coal powered steam engines?

1. They could be built anywhere and they could be used on ships/trains.

2. Ocean-going ships and boats on lakes were no longer dependent on winds for power.

3. Engines could be turned on by people when needed and turned off when not.

4. They are able to travel quickly upstream on rivers.

5. They had mobile/dependable energy production.

What is a coaling station?

Refueling points for steam-powered ships.

Describe the evolution and significance of iron.

Throughout the 1700s and into the early 1800s, improved processes helped iron producers increased outputs. One of these was the introduction of coke. In 1794, Englishman Henry Cort patented the process for making the less strong but much more workable wrought iron.

List the innovations from the first industrial revolution:

Textiles, steam power, and iron.

List the innovations from the second industrial revolution:

Steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

The mass production of steel was made possible because of what?

The Bessemer Process

The Bessemer Process allowed steel to become...

The strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society.

Describe the significant innovations that were possible due to oil:

Precision machinery and the internal combustion engine, which in turn led to automobile and airplane technologies.

What was electricity dependent on?

Effective electrical generator.

Describe the impact Alexander Graham Bell had on communications:

A patent for the telephone was issued to him in 1876.

Describe the impact Thomas Edison had on communications:

He designed a refined voice transmitter that made telephone use more practical.

Describe the impact Guliemo Marconi had on communications:

In 1901, he was able to send/receive a radio signal across the Atlantic Ocean. Radio became a form of popular mass media with an impact unlike any previously seen.

What made exploration and communication possible?

Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph.

What allowed immediate communication?

The telegraph

What connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and facilitated US industrial growth?

Transcontinental Railroad

What contributed to the development of the US as an industrial nation?

The vast natural resources of the US and the ability to transport them efficiently.

What linked different types of people globally?

Products of industrialization, such as the railroad, steamship, and the telegraph, directly linked farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors globally.

Industrialized countries sought to protect what by doing what?

Their access to resources and markets by establishing colonies.

Why were interior regions of the globe opened up to exploration and migration?

Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph opened up to exploration and development.