bio 212 exam 1

what are the bonds between a polysaccharide?

glycosidic bond

fluid mosaic model

membrane structure depicts the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

what is significant about the structure of cholesterol?

4 or 5 nonpolar hydrogen carbon rings

functions of cell surface membrane proteins:

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

glycolipids

carbohydrate attached to fat

glycoprotein

carbohydrates attached to proteins

central dogma

DNA → RNA → proteins

channel proteins

have a hydrophillic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel

carrier proteins

a channel that physically changes to allow for certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel

what are the two types of transport?

Active and passive

Passive transport

the diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment

concentration gradient

the way that a concentrated amount of particles flows from one area to another and disperses

osmosis

the diffusion particular to the water molecule

tonicity (name the three types)

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic)

hypertonic

the concentration of solute is greater than that inside the cell

a cell in a solution of this type would shrivel

hypotonic

the concentration of solute is less than that inside the cell

a cell in a solution of this type would get fat

facilitated diffusion

transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

gated channels

open or close in response to a stimulus, e.g in nerve cells, potassium ion channels open in response to electrical stimulus

electrogenic pump

an active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane. storing energy that can be used for cellular work

cotransport

an active transport of a solute that indirectly drives transport of other substances

enantiomers

mirror image isomers

dehyrdation reaction

when a water molecule is lost which bonds two monomers

hydrolysis

when a water molecule is added which breaks apart a molecule into two monomers

how to identify a monosaccharide

look for a combination of C O H

e.g. C6H12O6

what is the type of bond formed between two monomers and is it ionic or covalent?

a covalent glycosidic linkage

what are starches used for in plants?

a storage polysaccharide made of glucose monomers

what is the storage polysaccharide in animals and where is it stored?

Glycogen which is stored in the liver and muscle cells

fats

made of glycerol and fatty acid

what bond is used to hold lipids together?

an ester bond

fatty acid

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

saturated fatty acid

has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

unsaturated fatty acid

have one or more double bonds

phospholipid

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

cholesterol

a type of steroid, is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized

polypeptides

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

amino acids

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

what bonds are used between amino acids?

peptide bonds

denaturation

the loss of a proteins natural structure e.g. eggs turn solid with heat

nucleic acids

made of monomers called nucleotides

what are nucleotides made of?

a nucleoside and a phosphate group

what organelles are apart of the endomembrane system?

endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

lacks ribosomes; synthesize lipids, phospholipids, and steroid hormones, detoxifies drugs and poisons, and stores Ca^+

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

has ribosomes; synthesize glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, and is a membrane factory for the cell

what does the golgi apparatus do?

modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, and sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

what do lysosomes do?

a membrous sac of glycosidic enzymes that digest macromolecules and uses enzymes to recycle the cell’s own macromolecules and organelles

where do vacuoles come from?

They are derived from the golgi apparatatus and ER

What are the types of vacuoles and what do they do?

Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis

Contractile vacuoles, found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Central vacuoles, found in many mature plant cells, contain a solution called sap

what is a peroxisome?

a specialized metabolic compartment bound by a single membrane and removes hydrogen to transfer to oxygens

There are 13 amino acids that undergoes a metabolic process to create a primary structure. What is this process called?

anabolic process

There are 13 amino acids that undergoes a metabolic process to create a primary structure. What reaction is involved in this process?

dehydration reaction

There are 13 amino acids that undergoes a metabolic process to create a primary structure. How many times is the reaction occurring? How many biproducts are produced?

12 times and 12 waters

There are 13 amino acids that undergoes a metabolic process to create a primary structure. What bonds are being formed/broken?

peptide bond

What is a term that describes a difference between high and low values of concentration?

Concentration gradient

What is the process of passive transport of salts called?

Diffusion

What is the process of passive transport of water called?

Osmosis

What is the function of the chloroplast in the cell?

To produce sugar for the cell through the process of photosynthesis by fixing carbon

In a normal lipid bilayer, what molecules are fully permeable to the membrane without any additional support from integral proteins?

non-polar or very tiny polar molecules

How do cells recognize each other? What are these called?

Receptors called glycoproteins and glycolipids

transmembrane protein

is between both the inside and outside of the cell

peripheral proteins

proteins only on the outside of the cell