anatomy
study of structure of an organism
physiology
study of the functions of an organism
tissue
specialized group of cells
organ
functional units made up of tissues
organ system
groups of organs
what does it mean by “form follows function?”
the function is how an organ looks like
characteristic body shapes of aquatic animals
torpedo shape allows them to move through water more efficiently
striated vs smooth muscle tissue
striated: voluntary, skeletal muscle
smooth: involuntary, intestinal muscle
voluntary vs involuntary muscle tissue
voluntary: under conscious control
involuntary: not under conscious control
two cell types of nervous tissue
neurons and glia
function of two cell types of nervous tissue
electrical signals received by nerves, nerve cords, brain
what are the things that animals exchange with the environment
carbon dioxide, nutrients, food
two major issues associated with environmental exchange
surface area and volume do not change proportionally, environmental change requires an aqueous environment
adaptations animals have to help solve problems
maximizing surface area, circulatory system, branched tubes in lungs
homeostasis
maintenance of a steady internal state
heat
form of energy that is transferred between objects
vasodilation
expansion of the diameter of superficial blood vessels increasing blood flow and heat to skin
vasoconstriction
constriction of the diameter of superficial blood vessels decreasing blood flow and heat to skin
counter current exchange
exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions
thermogenesis
varying heat production to match changing rates of heat loss
hibernation
long term torpor that evolved as an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
estivation
summer torpor to avoid heat or drought
osmosis
diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration of water
osmolarity
measure of solute concentration
hypertonic
high amount of solute, low amount of water
hypotonic
low amount of solute, high amount of water
isotonic
equal parts of solute and water
what does it mean to regulate and conform to cope with fluctuations in the environment
solutes are gained by eating and drinking, gets lost by urine and feces. exchanged by respiratory system
endotherms
body temp regulated by metabolism
ectotherms
body temp regulated by temperature of surrounding environment
advantages of endotherms
can perform vigorous activities for longer times
active in envrionments that are non-optimal temperatures
disadvantages of endotherms
energetically expensive
advantages of ectotherms
require less energy
disadvantages of ectotherms
cannot function in non-optimal temperatures
five categories of thermoregulatory adaptations
insulation
regulation of blood flow
evaporation
metabolism & body size
behavior
justify the need for osomregualtion
regulates concentration of body fluids
how can you predict the direction of water movement across a semi permeable membrane
the amount of solutes
identify the circumstances where aquatic animals would tend to lose water
in a saltwater environment
identify the circumstances where aquatic animals would tend to gain water
in a freshwater environment
how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in marine environments
large volume of urine-- less concentrated than body fluids
how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in freshwater environments
small amount of urine-- slightly less concentrated than body fluids
how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in terrestrial environments
moderate volume of urine-- more concentrated than body fluids
cardiovascular system
heart and blood
heart
cardio
atrium
first receiver of blood in heart
ventricle
pumps to lungs or body
blood vessel
how blood moves through body
plasma
cell and cell fragments suspended in this liquid matrix
erythrocytes
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cell
platelets
produce clotting factors to plug damaged vessels
function of circulatory system
transports dissolved substances
thermoregulation
osmoregulation
immunity
name functions of three main components of circulatory systems
heart, blood, blood vessels
hemolymph
blood and interstitial fluid mixed together
interstitial fluid
fluid in and around tissues/organs
arteries
carry blood away from heart and organs
veins
return blood toward the heart
capillaries
thin walled tissue that allows for diffusions
advantages of open circulatory systems
requires less energy
disadvantages of open circulatory systems
less O2 delivered
single circulation
connects heart, gills, body tissues (one atrium, one ventricle)
double circulation
two circuits (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
two chambered heart
one venricle one atrium
fish
three chambered heart
two atria one ventricle
amphibians
four chambered heart
two atria, two ventricles
crocs, birds, mammals
function of blood
transport oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues
origin of blood in body
made in bone marrow
what animal has an open circulatory system
arthropods, mollusks
what animal has a closed circulatory system
mammals
fish
birds
amphibians
respiration
take in oxygen and leave carbon dioxide
cellular respiration
use oxygen to produce ATP
produce CO2 and water
cutaneous respiration
has exchange occurs across the skin
gills
outfoldings of body surface that are suspended in water
tracheae
large tubes opening on body surface
tracheoles
small tubes branching off of trachea
lungs
infoldings of body surface for respiration
ventilation
movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surface
breathing
alternate inhalation and exhalation of air
respiratory pigment
proteins that can bind and release oxygen
pharynx
intersection of paths for air and food
trachea
where air passes from the larynx
bronchi
tubes that enter into each lung
bronchioles
branches of finer tubes from bronchi
alveoli
tops of bronchioles of clusters of air sacs
why do animals have to breathe
need to exchange gases to get ATP
three general characteristics of respiratory surfaces
folded or branched
thin
moist
what animal has cutaneous respiration
annelids
amphibians
what animal has gills
molluscks
some annelids
crustaceans
echinoderms
fish
what animal has tracheal system
insects
arachnids
what animal has lungs
some amphibians
mammals
birds
reptiles
why does ventilation take more energy in water than in air
concentration of oxygen much lower
water much denser and viscous
positive pressure breathing
lung distension occurs through increasing pressure in airways
negative pressure breathing
thorax and abdomen achieve lung inflation by distending the rib cage and abdomen
what animal uses positive pressure breathing
amphibians
what animal uses negative pressure breathing
mammals
unidirectional airflow
air flows in one direction in lungs
bidirectional airflow
moving back and forth into and out of lungs
what animal uses unidirectional airflow
birds
crocs
what animal uses bidirectional airflow
mammals
what does respiratory pigment do
helps carry oxygen from lungs to the body