Unit 3 Lecture Objectives

BIO112

anatomy

study of structure of an organism

physiology

study of the functions of an organism

tissue

specialized group of cells

organ

functional units made up of tissues

organ system

groups of organs

what does it mean by “form follows function?”

the function is how an organ looks like

characteristic body shapes of aquatic animals

torpedo shape allows them to move through water more efficiently

striated vs smooth muscle tissue

striated: voluntary, skeletal muscle

smooth: involuntary, intestinal muscle

voluntary vs involuntary muscle tissue

voluntary: under conscious control

involuntary: not under conscious control

two cell types of nervous tissue

neurons and glia

function of two cell types of nervous tissue

electrical signals received by nerves, nerve cords, brain

what are the things that animals exchange with the environment

carbon dioxide, nutrients, food

two major issues associated with environmental exchange

surface area and volume do not change proportionally, environmental change requires an aqueous environment

adaptations animals have to help solve problems

maximizing surface area, circulatory system, branched tubes in lungs

homeostasis

maintenance of a steady internal state

heat

form of energy that is transferred between objects

vasodilation

expansion of the diameter of superficial blood vessels increasing blood flow and heat to skin

vasoconstriction

constriction of the diameter of superficial blood vessels decreasing blood flow and heat to skin

counter current exchange

exchange between fluids moving in opposite directions

thermogenesis

varying heat production to match changing rates of heat loss

hibernation

long term torpor that evolved as an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity

estivation

summer torpor to avoid heat or drought

osmosis

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration of water

osmolarity

measure of solute concentration

hypertonic

high amount of solute, low amount of water

hypotonic

low amount of solute, high amount of water

isotonic

equal parts of solute and water

what does it mean to regulate and conform to cope with fluctuations in the environment

solutes are gained by eating and drinking, gets lost by urine and feces. exchanged by respiratory system

endotherms

body temp regulated by metabolism

ectotherms

body temp regulated by temperature of surrounding environment

advantages of endotherms

* can perform vigorous activities for longer times
* active in envrionments that are non-optimal temperatures

disadvantages of endotherms

energetically expensive

advantages of ectotherms

* require less energy

disadvantages of ectotherms

* cannot function in non-optimal temperatures

five categories of thermoregulatory adaptations

* insulation
* regulation of blood flow
* evaporation
* metabolism & body size
* behavior

justify the need for osomregualtion

regulates concentration of body fluids

how can you predict the direction of water movement across a semi permeable membrane

the amount of solutes

identify the circumstances where aquatic animals would tend to lose water

in a saltwater environment

identify the circumstances where aquatic animals would tend to gain water

in a freshwater environment

how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in marine environments

large volume of urine-- less concentrated than body fluids

how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in freshwater environments

small amount of urine-- slightly less concentrated than body fluids

how does osmoregulators maintain water and salt balance in terrestrial environments

moderate volume of urine-- more concentrated than body fluids

cardiovascular system

heart and blood

heart

cardio

atrium

first receiver of blood in heart

ventricle

pumps to lungs or body

blood vessel

how blood moves through body

plasma

cell and cell fragments suspended in this liquid matrix

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cell

platelets

produce clotting factors to plug damaged vessels

function of circulatory system

* transports dissolved substances
* thermoregulation
* osmoregulation
* immunity

name functions of three main components of circulatory systems

heart, blood, blood vessels

hemolymph

blood and interstitial fluid mixed together

interstitial fluid

fluid in and around tissues/organs

arteries

carry blood away from heart and organs

veins

return blood toward the heart

capillaries

thin walled tissue that allows for diffusions

advantages of open circulatory systems

* requires less energy

disadvantages of open circulatory systems

* less O2 delivered

single circulation

connects heart, gills, body tissues (one atrium, one ventricle)

double circulation

two circuits (2 atria, 2 ventricles)

two chambered heart

one venricle one atrium

* fish

three chambered heart

two atria one ventricle

* amphibians

four chambered heart

two atria, two ventricles

* crocs, birds, mammals

function of blood

transport oxygen and nutrients to lungs and tissues

origin of blood in body

made in bone marrow

what animal has an open circulatory system

* arthropods, mollusks

what animal has a closed circulatory system

* mammals
* fish
* birds
* amphibians

respiration

take in oxygen and leave carbon dioxide

cellular respiration

* use oxygen to produce ATP
* produce CO2 and water

cutaneous respiration

has exchange occurs across the skin

gills

outfoldings of body surface that are suspended in water

tracheae

large tubes opening on body surface

tracheoles

small tubes branching off of trachea

lungs

infoldings of body surface for respiration

ventilation

movement of respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

breathing

alternate inhalation and exhalation of air

respiratory pigment

proteins that can bind and release oxygen

pharynx

intersection of paths for air and food

trachea

where air passes from the larynx

bronchi

tubes that enter into each lung

bronchioles

branches of finer tubes from bronchi

alveoli

tops of bronchioles of clusters of air sacs

why do animals have to breathe

need to exchange gases to get ATP

three general characteristics of respiratory surfaces

* folded or branched
* thin
* moist

what animal has cutaneous respiration

* annelids
* amphibians

what animal has gills

* molluscks
* some annelids
* crustaceans
* echinoderms
* fish

what animal has tracheal system

* insects
* arachnids

what animal has lungs

* some amphibians
* mammals
* birds
* reptiles

why does ventilation take more energy in water than in air

* concentration of oxygen much lower
* water much denser and viscous

positive pressure breathing

lung distension occurs through increasing pressure in airways

negative pressure breathing

thorax and abdomen achieve lung inflation by distending the rib cage and abdomen

what animal uses positive pressure breathing

amphibians

what animal uses negative pressure breathing

mammals

unidirectional airflow

air flows in one direction in lungs

bidirectional airflow

moving back and forth into and out of lungs

what animal uses unidirectional airflow

* birds
* crocs

what animal uses bidirectional airflow

mammals

what does respiratory pigment do

helps carry oxygen from lungs to the body