chapter 1 anatomy & physiology

anatomic position

body standing upright, feet parallel and flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms facing forward (key difference from a natural standing posture), thumbs pointing away from the body

A plane that passes through the structure at an angle is called

oblique

superficial

toward the surface of the body; on the outside

molecules combine to form

cells

cells work together to form

tissues

tissues work together to form

organs

organs work together to form

organ systems

organ systems work together to form an

organism

what are the organs in the integumentary system

skin, glands, nails, hair

what are the functions of the integumentary system

protects, prevents water loss, synthesizes vitamin D, helps regulate body temperature, sensory receptors

what is the organ(s) of the skeletal system

bones

what are the functions of the skeletal system

support, protection, forms blood cells, stores minerals (calcium,phosphorus), attachment for muscles to allow movement

what are the organ(s) of the muscular system

muscles

what are the functions of the muscular system

body movement, generates heat (when muscles contract)

what are the organ(s) of the nervous system

nerves, brain, spinal cord, sense organs

what are the functions of the nervous system

regulates body function, controls muscles and glands, responds to stimuli, maintains homeostasis, responsible for intelligence, memory, consciousness

what are the organ(s) in the endocrine system

endocrine glands and cells that secrete hormones

what are the functions of the endocrine system

regulates body functions (growth, development, metabolism, digestive processes, reproductive functions), maintains homeostasis

what are the organ(s) in the cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system

transports blood through blood vessels, transports other substances in blood (hormones, nutrients, gases, waste products)

what are the organ(s) in the lymphatic system

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes

what are the functions of the lymphatic system

tranports and filters lymph, returns interstitial fluid to cardiovascular system, plays role in immune response

what organ(s) are in the respiratory system

lungs, trachea, bronchi, alveoli, nose, larynx

what are the functions of the respiratory system

moves air in and out of lungs, exchanges gases between blood and air in lungs

what organ(s) are a part of the urinary system

kidneys, bladder, ureter, uretha

what are the functions of the urinary system

filters blood, removes nitrogenous wastes and biologically active molecules, forms urine, balances water, electrolyte, pH

what organ(s) a part of the digestive system

esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, liver

what are the functions of the digestive system

breaks down food particles both physically and chemically, absorbs nutrients, expels waste

what organ(s) are a part of the reproductive/genital system

male: testes, scrotum, ductus deferns, prostate, seminal vesicle, penis
female: ovaries, uterus, vagina, external genitalis, mammary glands

what are the functions of the reproductive/genital system

secretes sex hormones, forms gametes (female: oocytes; male: sperm)

female: supports developing embryo and fetus, then nourishes newborn (breast milk)

coronal (frontal)

separates anterior portions from posterior portions (vertical plane)

transverse (horizontal)

separates superior portions from inferior portions

sagittal (parasagittal)

separates right portions from left portions (vertical plane)

midsaggital (median)

separates right and left portions equally; runs down the midline of the body

oblique

runs at an angle to any of the three main planes of the body (coronal, transverse, or sagittal)

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body (facing forward)

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body (backwards)

superior

above; closer to the head

inferior

below; closer to the feet

cranial (cephalic)

at the head end of the body

caudal

at the tail end of the body

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

superficial

toward the surface of the body; on the outside

deep

beneath the surface of the body; on the inside

proximal

near; closer to the point of attachment to the trunk

distal

far; farther from the point of attachment to the trunk

contralateral

on the opposite side

ipsilateral

on the same side

serous membranes

line body cavities and cover organs to reduce friction (double-layered membranes)

parietal layer

lines the wall of the cavity

visceral layer

covers the surface of the organ

serous fluid

a lubricating fluid between the two layers

axial region

head, neck, trunk

appendicular region

everything coming off (the limbs)

cephalic region

head

cervial region

neck

thoracic region

between the neck and the abdomen

abdominal region

located between the chest and the pelvis (most of your gastrointestinal tract resides here)

pelvic region

located between the abdomen and the thighs (reproductive system and urinary system)

femoral region

upper portion of the leg between the hip and the knee

brachial region

upper portion of the arm between the shoulder and the elbow

upper extremities

arms and hands

lower extremities

legs and feet

manus

hand

pes

foot

acrominal region

shoulder

antebrachial region

forearm

aural/otic/auricular region

ear

axillary region

armpit

buccal region

cheeks

calcaneal region

heel of the foot

carpal region

wrist

coxal region

hips

cranial region

head

crural region

lower leg (region between the knee and the ankle

cubital region

the transition zone between the upper arm and the forearm

digital region

the area of the fingers or the toes

frontal region

on the front of the head, directly over the forehead

gluteal region

posterior aspect of the pelvic girdle and the upper part of the femur

inguinal region

lower front on the body where the abdomen meets the thigh

lumbar region

lower back part of the torso, situated between the chest and the sacrum

mammary region

breast (located on the anterior chest wall)

manual region

hand

mental region

area of the face that overlies the chin

nasal region

nose (also includes the internal nasal cavity and the surrounding paranasal sinuses)

occipital region

the back of the head and lower skull that overlies the occipital bone and houses the brain’s visual processing center

orbital/ocular region

eye (holds and protects the eyeball and its supporting structures)

olecranal region

the bony tip of the elbow (formed by the upper end of the ulna bone)

oral region

the anatomical area of the face and head that includes the lips, cheeks, teeth, gums, tongue, palate, and salivary glands

palmar region

the palm

parietal region

near the top and back of the brain (processes sensory input like touch, pain, and body position)

patellar region

front of the knee joint where the kneecap sits

pectoral region

front part of the upper chest that connects the upper arm and shoulder to the ribcage

pedal region (dorsum of foot)

upper or top of the surface of the foot that faces upward when you stand or walk

perineal region

a diamond-shaped area of soft tissue located at the bottom of the pelvis, positioned between the thighs and beneath the pelvic floor

plantar region (sole of feet)

the bottom or sole surface of the foot that touches the ground when you stand

popliteal region (knee pit)

diamond-shaped depression located at the back of the knee joint

pubic region

the lower part of the front of your trunk, located below your abdomen and above your legs, where your hip bones meet

scapular region

the shoulder blade