Early Republic: Politics, Power, and Expansion

George Washington, “Farewell Address”

Argues for the importance of mixed government and a balance of powers among different branches (legislative, executive, and judicial), often critiquing unicameral legislatures.

Thomas Jefferson, “First Inaugural Address”

 Emphasizes themes of republicanism, limited government, states' rights, and seeking conciliation after a contentious election.

Thomas Jefferson, “Second Inaugural Address”:

Discusses themes potentially related to westward expansion, relations with Native Americans, or internal improvements.

John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison

•  Establishes the principle of judicial review, asserting the Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional.

John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland:

 Affirms the doctrine of implied powers for Congress under the Necessary and Proper Clause and upholds the principle of federal supremacy over state laws.

Andrew Jackson, selections

Reflects themes of Jacksonian democracy, emphasizing the power of the executive, the role of the common people (populism), and controversial policies like Indian Removal and challenges to established institutions like the national bank.