Antibacterials

What bacteria have both inner membrane and outer peptidoglycan layers?

• gram positive bacteria

• gram negative bacteria

Which bacteria has an extra outer membrane layer?

• gram negative bacteria

What bacteria is responsible for most bloodstream infections like sepsis or toxic shock syndrome?

• gram negative bacteria

What is a major group of gram-negative bacteria that are responsible for a wide range of infections?

Enterobacteriaceae

What is a prominent gram-positive pathogen?

Staphylococcus aureus

What do bacteriostatics mainly do?

• slows down bacterial growth and reproduction, allowing the host’s immune system to clear the infection

What are some medication examples for TETRACYCLINES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• doxycycline

• minocycline

What is the mechanism of action for TETRACYCLINES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• effectively inhibits protein synthesis

What is the indication of use for TETRACYCLINES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• treat respiratory tract infections

• STI'

• acne vulgaris

• tick-bone illness

• certain multi-drug resistant organisms

What are some main contradiction for TETRACYCLINES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• pregnancy

• liver or renal impairment

• oral retinoids

What are some side effects of TETRACYCLINES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• GI disturbance

• Photosensitivity'

• PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF TEETH IN CHILDREN

What are some medication examples for MACROLIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• erythromycin

• clarithromycin

• azithromycin

What is the mechanism of action of MACROLIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• blocks the cell process from adding the needed enzymes to tRNA

What is the indication of use for MACROLIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• first line agents for community acquired pneumonia

• have an anti-inflammatory effect

• can be used as an antibacterial and antifungal medication

What medication is a good alternative for people who are allergic to penicllin?

• Macrolides

What are the main side effects of MACROLIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• GI effects

• liver enzymes elevations

• candida

• acute pancreatitis

• ototoxicity (ear toxicity)

• QT interval prolongation

what is a medication example of LINCOSAMIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• clindamycin

What is the medication of action of LINCOSAMIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• blocks protein synthesis

• can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal (speed up)

What is the indication of use for LINCOSAMIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• effective against anaerobic bacteria and many gram-positive organisms

What are the main side effects of LINCOSAMIDES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• diarrhea

• metallic taste in mouth

• increases risk of CDIFF

• jaundice

What are medication examples of SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• TMP-SMX

What is the mechanism of action of SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• competes with enzymes, resulting in inhibition of the production of dihydrofolic acid

What is the indication of use of SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• target the folic acid in the bacteria cell

• first-line agent for uncomplicated UTI

• treatment for bronchitis, pneumonia, acne vulgaris

What are some contradiction of SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• severe hepatic impairment 

• sever renal insufficiency

What are the main side effects of SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• STEVEN JOHNSON SYNDROME

• toxic necrolysis

• thrombopilia

• blood dyscarisis

• anemia

What are medication examples of OXAZOLIDINONES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• linezolid

What is the mechanism of action of OXAZOLIDINONES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• inhibits the first step of protein synthesis, blocking the initiation of protein production

What is the indication of use for OXAZOLUDINOMES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• last line agent for infections caused by multidrug resistan organisms

• primarily related to resistant gram-positive infections

What are some contradictions of OXAZOLUDINOMES?(bacteriostatic agent)

• antidepressants

• hypertension

• thyrotoxicosis 

• bone marrow suppressions

What are the main side effects of OXAZOLUDINOMES? (bacteriostatic agent)

• GI disturbance

• metallic taste in mouth

• vaginal yeast infections

• optic neuropathy

• hyponatremia 

• serotonin syndrome

What is a medication example for MISCALLANEOUS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS?

• chloramphenicol

What is the mechanism of action for MISCALLANEOUS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS?

• inhibits protein synthesis

What are the indications of use for MISCALLANEOUS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS?

• treat typhoid fever

• treat bacterial meningitis caused by influenza

• treat SUPERFICIAL EYE INFECTIONS

What are some side effects of MISCALLANEOUS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS?

• GI disturbance

• bitter taste 

• reversible bone marrow suppression

• optic neuritis

• ototoxicity 

• hypersensitivity reactions

What do BACTERICIDAL AGENTS do?

• kill bacteria on their own through processes such as halting cell wall synthesis, disrupting membrane integrity, and inhibiting metabolic pathways

What is a medication example for AMINOGLYCOSIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• gentamicin

What is the mechanism of action of AMINOGLYCOSIDES?(bactericidal agent)

• inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

What is the indications of use of AMINOGLYCOSIDES?(bactericidal agent)

• treat several gram-negative infections

• UTI

• E.choli

• skin and eye infections

What do AMINOGLYCOSIDES achieve on the body?(bactericidal agent)

• high concentrations in the blood and urine

What are some contradictions for AMINOGLYCOSIDES?(bactericidal agent)

• myasthenia gavis

• preexisting renal impairement

• pregnancy

What are some side effects of AMINOGLYCOSIDES?(bactericidal agent)

• severe nephrotoxicity 

• auditory disturbance

• ototoxicity

• neuromuscular blockers

• (Check BUN and creatine levels)

What are some examples of medicines for BETA-LACTAMS?(bactericidal agent)

• penicillin’s (BLACK BOX WARNING)

• cephalosporins

• carbapenems

What is the mechanism of action for BETA-LACTAMS? (bactericidal agent)

• inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

What are some indications of use for BETA-LACTAMS? (bactericidal agent)

• treat pneumonia

• Streptococcal pharyngitis

• skin and soft tissue infections

What are some contraindications for BETA-LACTAMS (bactericidal agent)

• being treated with antiseizure medications

• history of seizures

• history of central nervous system disorders

What are some side effects of BETA-LACTAMS? (bactericidal agent)

• hypersensitivity reactions

• anemia

• seizures

What is a medication example of FLUOROQUINOLONES? (bactericidal agent)

• ciprofloxacin

What is the mechanism of action of FLUOROQUINOLONES?(bactericidal agent)

• target bacterial DNA replication

What is the indications of use for FLUOROQUNOLONES? (bactericidal agent)

• UTI

• Respiratory tract infections

• STI (gonorrhea)

• good oral bioavailability

What are some contraindications for FLUOROQUNOLONES?(bactericidal agent)

• hypersensitivty

• history of tendon disorders

• avoid in children and adolescents

What are some side effects of FLUOROQUNOLONES? (bactericidal agent)

• increased risk of tendititis and tendon rupture (BLACK BOX WARNING)

• peripheral neuropathy

• aneurysm

• seizures

• liver functions

• should not be in sunlight

What is a medication example for GLYCOPEPTIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• vanomycin

What is the indication of use for GLYCOPEPTIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• treat C. diff

• endocarditis

• bacteremia

What are some contraindications for GLYCOPEPTIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• hypersensitivity

• renal impairment (nephrotoxicity) 

What are the side effects of GLYCOPEPTIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• vancomycin flushing syndrome (RED MAN SYNDROME)

• nephrotoxicity

• ototoxicity

What is a medication example for LYPOGLYCOPROTEINS? (bactericidal agent)

• telavancin

What is the indication of use for LYPOGLYCOPROTEINS? (bactericidal agent)

• skin and soft tissue infections (MRSA)

• not a first-line medication

What are some side effects of LYPOGLYCOPROTEINS? (bactericidal agent)

• taste disturbance

• nausea 

• itching

• acute kidney injury

• QT prolongation

What is a medication example for CYCLIC LIPOPETIDES (bactericidal agent)

• daptomycin

What is the indication of use for CYCLIC LIPOPEPTIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• treatment S. aureus bloodstream

• VRE infections

• skin and soft tissue infections

What are some side effects of CYCIC LIPOPETIDES? (bactericidal agent)

• myalgia

• muscle pain

• rhabdomyolysis'

• eosinophilic pneumonia

What is a medication example of NITROMIZA? (bactericidal agent)

• metronidazole

What is the indication of use of NITROMIZA? (bactericidal agent)

• intra-abdominal infection

• C. diff

• bacterial vaginosis

• parasitic infections

What are the side effects of NITROMIZA? (bactericidal agent)

• metallic taste

• darkening of urine

• cerebellar toxicity 

• leukopenia

• AVOID SUN EXPOSURE

What is the indication of use for ISONIAZID? (Antitubercular agent)

• antibacterial for active TB

• reduces inflammatory response

What are some contraindications of ISONIAZID? (Antitubercular agent)

• acute liver disease

• tylenol

• history of seizures

What are some side effects of ISONIAZID? (Antitubercular agent)

• hepatoxicity (BLACK BOX WARNING)

• CNS toxicity

• peripheral neuropathy

What is the indication of use for PYRAZINAMIDE? (Antitubercular agent)

• treatment for active tuberculosis

• meningitis

• GIVE WITH OTHER DRUGS

What are some contraindications of PYRAZINAMIDE? (Antitubercular agent)

• severe hepatic impairment

• acute gout

• renal impairment

What are some side effects of PYRAZINAMIDE? (Antitubercular agent)

• joint pain or arthralgia

• acute liver failure

• hyperuricemia

• increase in uric acid levels

What is the indication for ETHAMBUTOL? (Antitubercular agent)

• active tuberculosis

• prevent the development of drug resistance to other medications'

• prevent bacterial multiplication

What are contraindications of ETHAMBUTOL? (Antitubercular agent)

• OCULAR CONDITIONS

• visual disturbances

• preexisting optic neuritis

What are the side effects of ETHAMBUTOL?

• changes in visual acuity

• color perception

• optic neuritis

• vision loss

What is the indication for Ryfamycins (RIFAMPIN) (Antitubercular agent)

• treatment of TB

• managing latent TB infection

• treating MRSA skin and soft tissue infection

What are some contraindications for RIFAMPIN? (Antitubercular agent)

• rifampin resistan TB

• hepatic impairment 

• antiretroviral medication used in HIV treatment

What are some side effects of RIFAMPIN?

• ORANGE -RED DISCOLORIZATION OF BODY FLUIDS

• flulike syndrome

• hepatoxicity