RIPH Lesson 4

Crown Colony

Colonies ruled directly by a Governor appointed by the Monarch. Spain governed the Philippines through the union of Church and State.

Council of the Indies

The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire for the Americas and Asia. It administered the Philippines and the King of Spain appointed Spanish officials to properly administer the colony.

Ministerio de Ultraman

In 1863, the Philippines was placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Colonies or Overseas Ministry, which directed the Spanish colonies from 1863 to 1899. It administered the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Carolinas, Marianas, and Palaos.

The Central Government

The central government organized the Philippines under Spanish rule by adopting Spanish experience in Mexico and South America, including the Law of the Indies and other Spanish laws.

La Lovisima Recompilacion

One of the Spanish laws adopted by the central government of the Philippines under Spanish rule.

Leyes De Toro

One of the Spanish laws adopted by the central government of the Philippines under Spanish rule.

Siete Partidas

One of the Spanish laws adopted by the central government of the Philippines under Spanish rule.

Governor-General

The King's representative and the highest-ranking official in the Philippines. He implemented royal decrees and laws, appointed and dismissed public officials, supervised government offices and tax collection, exercised certain legislative powers, and issued proclamations.

Centralized Authority

The system in which the Governor-General held the highest position and was vested with executive, legislative, and at times judicial powers.

Executive Power

The Governor-General's authority to implement royal decrees and laws, appoint and dismiss public officials, and supervise government offices.

Legislative Power

The Governor-General's authority to exercise certain legislative powers and issue proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws.

Judicial Power

The judicial authority that was sometimes vested in the Governor-General.

The National Government

The national government maintained peace and order, collected taxes, and built schools and other public works.

Investigators

Bodies created to investigate abuses committed by the Governor-General and other government officials. These included the Residencia, the Visita, and the Royal Audiencia.

The Residencia

A special judicial court that investigated the performance of a Governor-General who was about to be replaced. It submitted a report of its findings to the King.

The Visita

The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government official called the Visitador General to observe conditions in the colony. The Visitador General reported his findings to the King.

Visitador General

A government official sent by the Council of the Indies in Spain to observe conditions in the colony and report his findings to the King.

The Royal Audiencia

The highest court in the land. It served as an advisory body to the Governor-General, checked and reported his abuses, audited colonial government expenditures, and sent yearly reports to Spain.

Local Government Units

The Spaniards created local government units for the provinces. There were two types: Alcadia and Corrigimiento.

Alcadia

A provincial government led by the Alcalde Mayor that governed provinces fully subjugated or under Spanish control. It represented the Spanish King and Governor-General, managed daily provincial operations, implemented laws, and supervised tax collection.

Alcalde Mayor

The head of the Alcadia who represented the Spanish King and Governor-General and managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial government.

Corrigimiento

A provincial government headed by a Corregidor that governed provinces not yet entirely under Spanish control.

Corregidor

The official who headed the Corrigimiento and governed provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.

Municipal Government

The government of towns or pueblos within each province, headed by the Gobernadorcillo, with four lieutenants assisting in governance.

Gobernadorcillo

The "Little Governor" who headed the towns or pueblos. His main duties were efficient governance and tax collection.

Teniente Mayor

The chief lieutenant who assisted the Gobernadorcillo in municipal government.

Teniente de Policia

The police lieutenant who assisted the Gobernadorcillo in municipal government.

Teniente de Sementeras

The lieutenant of the fields who assisted the Gobernadorcillo in municipal government.

Teniente de Ganados

The lieutenant of the livestock who assisted the Gobernadorcillo in municipal government.

Cabeza de Barangay

The barrio administrator or barangay captain responsible for the peace and order of the barrio and for recruiting men for public works.

The City Government

The government of larger towns that became cities called Ayuntamiento. It became the center of trade and industry and had a city council called the Cabildo.

Ayuntamiento

The name given to larger towns that became cities. It served as a center of trade and industry.

Cabildo

The city council of the Ayuntamiento. It was composed of the Alcalde, Regidores, Alguacil Mayor, and Escribano.

Alcalde

The mayor who was a member of the Cabildo or city council.

Regidores

The councillors who were members of the Cabildo or city council.

Alguacil Mayor

The police chief who was a member of the Cabildo or city council.

Escribano

The secretary who was a member of the Cabildo or city council.

Augustinian Order

A religious order observing a rule derived from St. Augustine's writings. The first Augustinians came with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565 and helped spread Catholicism.

Animist Religion

The oldest known type of belief system in the world. Many Filipinos converted from animist religion to the Catholic faith.

Missionaries

Religious workers who spread Catholicism throughout Manila, the Visayas, Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan, among other areas.

Jesuits

Religious missionaries who were not friars. They arrived in 1581 and spread Catholicism in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and Mindanao.

Dominicans

Missionaries who arrived in 1587 and spread the Catholic faith in Manila, the Cagayan region, and Pangasinan.

Recollect

Missionaries who came in 1606 and propagated the Catholic faith in Manila, Bataan, Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon, Negros, and Mindanao.

Church Officials Who Served as Governors-General

Church officials who served as Governors-General included Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta, Bishop Juan de Arrechederra, Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta, and Archbishop Manuel Rojo.

Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta

An Archbishop who served as Governor-General from 1719 to 1721.

Bishop Juan de Arrechederra

A Bishop who served as Governor-General from 1745 to 1750.

Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta

A Bishop who served as Governor-General from 1759 to 1761.

Archbishop Manuel Rojo

An Archbishop who served as Governor-General from 1761 to 1762.

Frailocracia

Government of friars.

Districts

Geographic regions of the Catholic Church that had different dialects or languages.

Parishes

Church districts that represented villages.

Missions

Church districts that represented areas or regions that had not yet been converted to Catholicism.

Father Domingo de Salazar, O.P.

The first Bishop of Manila, serving from 1579 to 1594.

The Inquisition

An ecclesiastical office whose duty was to search for heretics and those guilty of heresy, including people preaching or practicing religious doctrines contrary to those of the Catholic Church.

Xylography

The first printing method introduced in the Philippines, using a woodblock carved with text or images.

Doctrina Christiana

Widely regarded as the first printed book in the Philippines, produced in Manila in 1593 using the xylographic woodblock printing method. It was an early book of Roman Catholic catechism written in Spanish, Tagalog using Roman letters, and Baybayin.

Father Francisco de San Jose

Also known as Blancas de San Jose, he introduced movable type printing or typography.

Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala

A famous book by Father Domingo de los Santos, printed in 1703 in Tayabas. It was one of the works published by the Franciscan printing press.

Galleon Trade

The transpacific trade conducted by the Spanish from 1565 to 1815 across the Pacific Ocean using trading vessels known as Manila galleons.

Galleon de Manila

The vessel also known as Nao de China that linked the Philippines and the Americas. It was part of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade and established a monopoly.

Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

The trade route between Manila and Acapulco using Manila galleons to transport goods across the Pacific Ocean.

Situado

An annual subsidy from Mexico that averaged approximately 250,000 pesos.

1821

The year the Mexican subsidy or Situado finally stopped when Mexico gained its independence from Spain.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain. They belonged to the highest social class in the Philippines and were the wealthiest and most politically powerful, holding high government positions.

Insulares

Spaniards born in the Philippines. They experienced discrimination from fellow Spaniards but enjoyed various government and church positions.

Ilustrados

Spanish for "erudite," "learned," or "enlightened ones." They constituted the Filipino educated middle class during the late 19th century and were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals.

Principalia

The nobility and educated class in the towns of colonial Philippines, composed of Gobernadorcillos, Cabezas de Barangay who governed districts, and awardees of the Medal of Civil Merit.

Mestizos

People of mixed indigenous Filipino, European, or Chinese ancestry.

Mestizo de Sangley

A person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry.

Mestizo de Español

A person of mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry.

Tornatras

A person of mixed Spanish, Filipino, and Chinese ancestry.

Indios

People of pure Austronesian, Malay, or Malayo-Polynesian ancestry, referring to the natives.

Indulto de Comercio

The right to participate in the galleon trade