AP Bio: Chapter 4 & 5

cell

The fundamental piece to the living systems of biology, the simplest collection of matter that can be alive. An organism's basic unit of structure and function.

nucleoid

A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome and DNA is located.

cytoplasm

The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane, the portion exclusive of the nucleus.

cytosol

a portion of the cytoplasm that is semi-fluid(the solution that is 70% water & the carbs, lipids, and proteins)

Stroma

The location of the Calvin Benson cycle, also known as the CBB or the light independent reactions of photosynthesis

Mitochondrial matrix

The location of the Krebs cycle(citric acid cycle).

inner membrane of the mitochondria (cisternae)

Where ATP production and the electron transport chain occur.

prokaryotic cells

Cells that have DNA concentrated in the nucleoid, DNA is not enclosed by a membrane, bacteria and archaea, lack organelles, have chromosomes and ribosomes

eukaryotic cells

Cells that have DNA mainly concentrated in the nucleus, enclosed by a membrane, and are generally larger (animal, plants, algae)

plasma membrane

Essential to cell success because it monitors and protects the cell (selective barrier), allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste in and out of the cell.

glycoproteins

Enable cell recognition, communication, and immune responses.

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis.

Rough ER

Aids in the synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes; adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins.

Smooth ER

Synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, Ca+2 storage, detoxification of drugs and poisons.

Golgi apparatus

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, involved in modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids(ER Products).

Manufactures certain macromolecules

sort & package transport vesicles with materials to places needed within the cell

Lysosomes

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that break down ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling.

Autophagy

A catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that delivers cytoplasmic components and organelles to the lysosomes for digestion. Recycles the cells own organelles and macromolecules. It is important because it makes the organelle self-sustaining.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthetic organelle that converts the energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules.

endosymbiont theory

The theory that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a non-photosynthetic or photosynthetic prokaryotic cell which merged into a single organism making the eukaryotic cell more complex with a mitochondria and possibly chloroplast (photosynthetic case scenario).

Mitochondria

Sites of cellular respiration, where oxygen is used to create ATP from sugars, fats, and other nutrients.

cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of mitochondria that allow for increased surface area for chemical reactions.

mitochondrial matrix

Contains a variety of enzymes and mitochondrial DNA along with ribosomes, and catalyzes some steps of cellular respiration.

Thylakoid

Membranous sacs stacked to form granum within the chloroplast.

stroma

The fluid in the chloroplast that contains DNA, ribosomes, thylakoids, and enzymes.

Stomata

Openings in the leaf for gas exchange.

phagocytosis

Process used by cells to digest materials into the cell, such as bacteria and viruses.

cell junctions

Structures that facilitate communication and adhesion between cells.

Plasmodesmata

Membrane

Tight junctions

Form a seal between neighboring cells in animal tissues, preventing leakage of fluids and molecules.

Desmosomes

Fasten cells together into strong sheets, providing structural integrity. Filaments made of keratin proteins anchor these junctions into the cytoplasm. Located in muscle tissue heart, skin, other muscles but, closer to the middle and common in epithelial tissue

Mechanical Stress Tissue

Tissue subjected to physical forces, like heart and skin.

Gap Junctions

Cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell. Consists of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass. It is necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues. In heart muscle and animal embryos (also common in epithelial tissue), similar to plasmodesmata, lower in the cell.

Aquaporins

Specialized channels for rapid water transport in cells.

Membrane Permeability

The hydrophobic core of the membrane restricts the passage of polar and charged substances while allowing non-polar molecules to pass, thereby regulating membrane permeability.

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbohydrate chains aiding cell interactions.

Vesicles

Membrane

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration without energy.

Osmosis

Water diffusion across a semipermeable membrane.

Active Transport

Moves substances against their concentration gradients which requires energy, usually ATP(which can turn into ADP once used).

Passive Transport

Movement along concentration gradients without energy.

NA K Pump

mechanism that pumps three sodium ions out and two potassium ions into cells at a time. This is against the concentration gradient.

Endocytosis

Process of taking in external substances via vesicles.

Exocytosis

Process of expelling substances via vesicle fusion.

Phagocytosis

To digest materials into the cell, such as bacteria and viruses, which the lysosome destroys with this process. Also to break down & engulf other cells (cell eating), aka a food vacuole which lysosomes fuse with then digest.

Pinocytosis

Endocytosis of liquids or soluble substances.

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Endocytosis triggered by specific receptor binding.

Tonicity

Solution's ability to affect cell water balance.

Periderm

Corky outer layer formed in response to injury.

Plasmolysis

Cell shrinkage due to water loss in hypertonic solution.

Bulk Flow

Fluid movement driven by pressure differences in plants.